從公安中心到分工、配合、制約－－歷史與社會敘事內的刑事訴訟結構

From the Center of Police to Division, Collaboration, and Checking-- The Structure of Criminal Procedures in Historical and Social Narratives

一些研究者以流水線、接力賽等隱喻方式命名當代中國的刑事訴訟結構，但這給準確地認知實踐中的公檢法關係造成巨大的歧義。對當代中國刑事訴訟結構的準確概括，是彭真提出的“分工負責、互相配合、互相制約”。這一政策於1954年被正式提出，意在改變此前的公安中心格局。1979年前後，決策者對於犯罪人和政法機關性質的判斷發生了轉變。此刑事訴訟結構思想在1982年被寫入《憲法》，並在1983年通過司法體制變動予以踐行。該結構在具體規則、實踐中產生了一些非制度期待的結果。2014年啟動的新的司法改革設計，對此偏差的矯正是“回到彭真”。

Metaphors of criminal procedures as 'assembly line' or 'relay race,' as often invoked by academics, have resulted in considerable misunderstandings about the realistic relations among the public security authorities, the procuratorate system and the court system. The structural characteristics of criminal procedures, as summarized more accurately by Peng Zhen, is the 'division of responsibilities, mutual collaboration and two-way checking.' This policy narrative was formally devised first in 1954 and was meant to reform the previous structure where the public security authorities occupied the central place. Approximately in 1979 the nation's decision making authorities formed a different view on the nature of crimes taking place in the society as well as the proper mission of the judicial system. Relevant thoughts were subsequently incorporated into the constitution of 1982 and implemented through institutional changes to the judicial system in 1983. The new structure through rules and practices resulted in unintended consequences. Judicial reforms started in 2014 have sought to address deviations of the previous era by 'returning to Peng Zhen.'