跨國組織犯罪的網絡分析與預防

Network Analysis and Prevention of Transnational Organized Crime

本文目的，在於透過網絡觀點探討跨國組織犯罪。跨國組織犯罪的主要特徵，就是犯罪者在進行非法牟利的過程中，把部分活動延伸至不同國家。臺灣詐騙集團涉及多國，即為跨國組織犯罪實例。與傳統街頭犯罪相比，此種跨國違法活動較複雜，通常需藉由個人和團體的協調運作才能順利完成。涉案的個人和團體，可能分布於全世界，也可能就在附近的鄰國。有關組織犯罪的網絡觀點，出現於1990 年代，該觀點認為，大多數的組織犯罪集團，結構是鬆散的，成員經常更換，而不是結構緊密、層級節制鮮明的組織。換言之，我們可以把跨國組織犯罪，視為分布在不同國家、相互間存有犯罪關係之犯罪人的集合體。本文首先討論組織犯罪的定義，以及全球化對組織犯罪的影響。其次說明組織犯罪的網絡觀點，並運用包含多元社會指標的「複合性組織犯罪指標」，針對世界上不同地區的組織犯罪現象進行觀察，根據不同國家的指標值，分析個別國家之機構控制對於該國組織犯罪的影響效應。綜合前述觀察及分析結果，闡述跨國犯罪網絡的概念，批判性地檢驗決策人士經常抱持的看法，即源自某國的犯罪組織，因全球化而促其犯罪活動擴展至全世界。最後，以跨國組織犯罪腳本分析及情境犯罪預防的思維，做為本文的結論。

This article discusses the network perspective on transnational organized crime. A characteristic of transnational crime networks is that they complete parts of the criminal business processes in different countries. Fraud cases involved in Taiwan and some other countries are the typical example. Transnational illegal activities require coordinated actions by individuals and groups, sometimes from all over the world, sometimes just from neighboring countries. The network perspective on organized crime emerged in the 1990s. Its main argument is that most organized crime groups are loosely knit collectives with constantly shifting members instead of the well-organized and hierarchically structured organizations. Accordingly, we may view transnational crime networks as collectives of criminals based in different countries who maintain criminal relations. This article will first discuss the definition of organized crime and influence of globalization on organized crime. Then network perspective on organized crime will be explored. An overview of the extent of organized crime in different parts of the world is given, using a composite indexof social indicators of organized crime activities. This article will also use country scores on this indexf or a quantitative analysis of the impact of institutional controls on the extent of organized crime in individual countries. Next, it elaborates on the concept of transnational crime networks. This paper will critically examine the popular notion of policymakers that globalization processes allow criminal groups originating from individual countries to expand their criminal activities across the world. In the final section, the thought of crime script analysis and situational crime prevention are described in the conclusion.