道成肉身的政治詮釋學：丁光訓的福音書詮釋、耶穌形象及其挪用

Toward a Political Hermeneutics of Incarnation: K. H. Ting’s Interpretation of the Gospels, Images of Jesus, and Their Appropriation

丁光訓（1915-2012）被認為是二十世紀最重要、也是爭議最大的中國基督教領袖之一。本文旨在從「聖經接受史」的角度，探討丁光訓如何面對他所置身的政治處境，通過詮釋福音書文本，以塑造處境化的耶穌形象，並挪用這些耶穌形象以回應時代對基督徒的挑戰。丁光訓對福音書的詮釋和對耶穌形象的塑造，須放在他的處境神學或處境詮釋學脈絡下來理解；同時，丁光訓一生不同時期的著述都表明他對福音書的偏愛、以及他對歷史上的耶穌與動盪時代下的基督徒之間有何相關的思考。一方面，丁光訓在福音書對「道成肉身」的論述和耶穌分餅的敘事中「找到」肯定物質世界的耶穌，而這種耶穌形象則被挪用來回答「在上帝心目中世界究竟處於甚麼地位」這一問題。另一方面，丁光訓亦帶著「基督徒是否只問信與不信」這一個與新的政治處境密切相關的問題重讀聖經，尤其在《馬太福音》和《路加福音》中「發現」照行為報應各人的耶穌。丁光訓的聖經詮釋學可稱為一種「道成肉身的政治詮釋學」。

K. H. Ting (1915-2002) has been regarded as one of the most important andcontroversial leaders of Chinese Protestantism. Taking the approach of “History ofacceptance of the Bible,” this article investigates how Ting, in the political context of thetime, interpreted Gospel texts, remade images of Jesus, and appropriated them torespond to the challenges facing Chinese Christians. Ting’s interpretation of Gospel textsand his shaping of contextualized images of Jesus can be better understood by contextualtheology or contextual hermeneutics. Ting’s writings may demonstrate that he frequentlypaid more attention to the four Gospels than to other parts of the Bible and that hestruggled to figure out what is the relevance of Jesus to the turbulent contemporaryworld. On the one hand, Ting “found” a Jesus who positively affirms thephysical-temporal world in the Gospels concerning the discourse of incarnation andJesus’s distributing loaves. This image of Jesus was appropriated to respond to thequestion “What is the nature of the physical-temporal world in God’s mind?” On the other hand, Ting also re-read the Bible with the urgent question of “Whether Christiansonly care who are believers and who are not?” in the post-1949 political context, and“discovered,” especially in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, a Jesus who renders toeveryone according to his or her deeds. Ting’s biblical hermeneutics may be termed “apolitical hermeneutics of incarnation.”