東亞文化圈視野下朝鮮後期對澳門的認知

Late Chosŏn’s Understanding of Macau through the Perspective of the East Asian Cultural Circle

澳門自十六世紀以來，在葡萄牙人要求定居後，成為中國領土以外一塊外國人主要活動的土地，西方傳教士及商旅在東方的經濟活動及文化交流，均以澳門作為中轉站，進而到達中國沿海以及日本，進行有關活動，相關課題已是中國海洋史、東西文化交流史學者的重要課題。對東亞文化圈的一個隱世之國──朝鮮，由於兩地未有直接的互動，一直未受學界關注。朝鮮王朝朝廷與朝中的知識分子對於澳門有關的知識建構，可以有助認識朝鮮如何在東亞文化圈之中，利用獨特的交流網絡，於北京、日本，收集到有關澳門及葡萄牙人的活動情報。有關資訊不但可用作理解朝鮮在1876 年開港以前，於西洋文化大規模傳入之時，對於西洋文化有一定的理解，而非毫不知情，更重要的是澳門這個異域之地，雖然朝鮮人鮮有抵達，仍然有相當的論述，可見此為東亞文化網絡對朝鮮認知海外資訊的重要性，而這種資訊不一定是可靠，也會出現相關的誤解，但無論如何仍可了解到東亞文化知識網絡如何讓朝鮮對外界有所了解，而非毫無了解。於是，本文嘗試採用《朝鮮王朝實錄》等官方檔案，再配合燕行使在北京與傳教士及中國士大夫的交流紀錄、通信使節在對日本收集的紀錄，嘗試說明東亞文化圈的文化網絡，如何築起一段橋樑，將朝貢圈成員之一的朝鮮人，在未能親身觀察之下，仍然能對東亞文化之邊緣──澳門及其相關的資訊，仍然能夠對有關知識有一定掌握。

Since the sixteenth century, as a place of settlement by the Portuguese, Macau hasbeen a transfer station for European missionary and mercantile activities in East Asia. Ithelped the Europeans reach the Chinese coastal area and Japan, establishing interactionbetween the Europeans and these two countries. Much research has been done byscholars in the fields of Chinese Maritime History and the History of East-West CulturalInteraction. However, the scholarly world has overlooked the relationship betweenMacau and Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) because they did not interact with each otherdirectly.However, the knowledge of Macau as constructed by the Chosŏn court andintellectuals helps us to understand how the Chosŏn Dynasty utilized the unique networkof East Asian cultural interaction in Beijing and Japan to collect information on Macauand the Portuguese. The information can be used to reveal Chosŏn’s knowledge ofwestern cultures and its basic understanding of the western world before the opening of Korean ports in 1876. It also suggests that although not many Koreans had been toMacau, they still had many writings about the city, implying the importance of the EastAsian cultural network in providing knowledge about overseas matters. Although theinformation might not be reliable, or might actually contain misinformation, Korea wasfar from ignorant and was still informed about the outside world through the East Asiancultural network.Therefore, this paper attempts to study such official documents as Chosŏn wangchosillok, the records of the interaction between Yŏnhaengsa, the missionaries, and Chineseintellectuals. It also studies documents that contain information collected by the JapaneseT’ongsinsa, so as to illustrate how the cultural network of the East Asian cultural sphereenabled the Chosŏn people, as members of the Chinese tributary system, to understandmysterious Macau without the aid of any first-hand experience.