國族符號的建構與競爭──由「一個台灣」與「一個馬來西亞」看當前國民黨與巫統的路線發展

Construction and Contestation of a National Symbol: Two Cases of KMT’s “One Taiwan” and UMNO’s “1Malaysia

「一個馬來西亞」為 2009 年馬來西亞新任首相，同時身兼巫統主席的納吉‧阿都拉薩提出的國家治理目標願景。「一個台灣」為國民黨主席暨總統候選人朱立倫為了角逐 2016 年中華民國總統大選所提出的競選口號。筆者認為，「一台」與「一馬」一方面可以反映出國民黨與巫統為了爭取人民的政治支持，從而提出能夠呼應民眾對於國族的想像，另一方面也能映照出黨內論調對於國族的想法。文中採用文獻分析法，藉由符號建構觀點與政黨發展脈絡探究「一台」與「一馬」出現之意義。符號正、反兩面的功能同樣出現在「一台」與「一馬」。「一台」象徵當前台灣主流民意朝向現實國族發展，從而促使國民黨作出回應；「一馬」代表著非土著社群期望國家能向全體人民開放、朝向公民國族發展，也是巫統在延續執政權力時所不能忽視的現象。但人民或其他政黨同樣也會利用符號進行反（霸權）論述，甚至發展出其它符號進行相互競爭。且即便提出了「一台」、「一馬」作為政治論述主軸，國民黨與巫統內部對於國族概念的論調仍然擺盪不定。

Whether in Taiwan or Malaysia, it is argued here that “One Taiwan” and “1Malaysia” both suggest the attempt of the KMT and UMNO to obtain the political support of the people. In addition, these concepts reflect the national ideology in the two parties’ internal discourses. This article would explore the significance of “One Taiwan” and “1Malaysia” as national codes from the perspective of code construction and context of party development. The positive and negative effects of a code can be seen both in the use of “One Taiwan” and “1Malaysia.” The former symbolizes the current mainstream public opinion in Taiwan toward a realistic national development and thus influences the traditional KMT discourse of an imagined nationhood. The latter represents the non-Malay people’s hope for an open country and civic nationalism that cannot be ignored when the UMNO striving for its governing power. However, people or other political parties can also engage in either counter(-hegemonic) discourse by using such code or even competition against the discourse by developing other codes. Therefore, despite the open choice of “One Taiwan” and “1Malaysia” as their respective main political discursive argument, the KMT and UMNO still have to waver over their definition of nationhood internally.