墨西哥的族群政策

Ethnic Policy of Mexico

本文的主要目的在探究墨西哥的族群政策。作者從歷史社會學的觀點出發，發現墨西哥的族群人口在殖民初期有西班牙殖民者、印地安人與黑人三個原型，後來則依混血情形而發展出膚色階層制度。獨立之後的墨西哥廢除了階層制度，而今日墨西哥的族群類別除了原住民族之外，已經看不到白人與黑人的分類。究其原因，當代墨西哥的族群政策乃是二十世紀初革命思想的遺緒。革命之初基於國家認同與民族打造的工程，墨西哥知識份子與政府擁抱了混血主義，認為墨西哥人是一個發源自印地安人的混血民族，因此不再有白人與黑人的分類，因此也沒了種族主義的危害。混血主義仍是當代墨西哥族群政策的主流，然而白化暗潮仍是值得關注的社會議題。至於墨西哥的原住民族政策尚稱符合國際潮流，但其實施成效仍有待時間的檢驗。

The purpose of this article is to explore the ethnic policy of Mexico. The author examines the development of Mexico’s ethnic policy through a historical sociological perspective, and finds that there are three ethnic prototypes, including Spaniards, Indians, and the black, through the colonial period, while only indigenous people remains in today’s ethnic category. This development can be traced back to the early 20th century when the revolutionary ideology dominates and continues its influence through today. For the purpose of nation-building and consolidating national identity, the revolutionary ideologists fight racism and applaud mestizaje, mixing race, and believe that Mexican is a mixed nation. In conclusion, the mainstream ethnic policy of contemporary Mexico is mestizaje, which not only means mixing blood, but also refers to nonracism and nonblackness. However, scholars believe that whitening undercurrent is still a significant social problem and indigenous policy also needs to be re-evaluated.