演員超日常特質中能量浪費的意義－－論劇場人類學觀點下的巴塔耶儀式理論

The Significance of Actors’ Extra-daily Energy Expenditure–On George Bataille’s Ritual Theory from the Perspective of Theatre Anthropology

本文的焦點在於用巴塔耶的哲學理論，來延伸尤金諾．芭芭在《劇場人類學辭典：表演者的密藝》中對演員特質的說明。對尤金諾．芭芭而言，演員具有一種在能量上的奢侈性和超日常性，這種特質也帶來了演員在演出中最重要之存在感。基於此，本文則認為巴塔耶哲學，能夠對這種演員特質的社會文化意義產生更深刻的說明。為了闡述這個補充意義，本文首先要討論的是巴塔耶對獻祭儀式中死亡場景之論述。對於巴塔耶而言，主體面對死亡場景產生出不同的意識狀態，構成了獻祭儀式人與理性人之分野，也構成了類似演員特質的實踐狀態；其次巴塔耶以誇富宴為原型，提出了一種有別於資本主義理性計算，而以浪費為基礎的普遍經濟學，可以補充劇場人類學對演員能量使用的觀點；最後透過巴塔耶所發現的普遍經濟學和倫理學的同盟關係，巴塔耶提出踰越的倫理觀。踰越的倫理觀作為一種純粹的否定，將自身保持在一種無法被任何理性規則界定的狀態，正代表著尤金諾．芭芭眼中的演員特質在社會及文化層次上所具有的啟示意義。

Employing George Bataille’s theory, this paper discusses Eugenio Barba’s notion of the characteristics of actors in A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer. From Barba’s perspective, actors demonstrate their luxurious and extra-daily energy, which generates presence for actors when they perform. This paper argues that Bataille’s theory will enrich Barba’s notion of the characteristics of actors. Therefore, this paper will first probe into Bataille’s discourse on the death scene of the sacrifice ritual. From Bataille’s point of view, the subject will have different states of consciousness when he faces death, which differentiates the distinction between the man of sacrifice and the man of rationality, and forms the characteristics of actors. Second, I will investigate how Bataille employs the prototype of potlatch to put forth general economy based on expenditure, which is different from the rational calculation of capitalism. This theory will deepen one’s understanding of actors’ use of energy from the perspective of theatre anthropology. Finally, I will probe into the alliance between economy and ethics theorized by Bataille. It designates the ethical value of transgression, which is an absolute negation that operates independently and hence unconstrained by the logic of replacement, with the new system substituting for the old one. It is a negation which is impossible to define, which clearly interprets the cultural and social significance of Barba’s notion of the characteristics of actors.