歌之為言長言之也——曲唱發聲理論初探

To Sing is to Prolong the Sound of Words in Verse –An Exploration of Chinese Vocalization

每個民族歌唱藝術的發聲方法，都會跟該民族語言的語音特點有很大關係。語音特點影響了對歌聲的審美要求，因而也影響了發聲的方法。中國漢族歌唱藝術的發展，從文獻所見也有數千年的歷史，自然也有自己一套發聲方法。這套方法，隨著漢語歌唱藝術的發展而推進，從隋唐之前的詩樂，隋唐宋金的詞唱，到元明清的曲唱，逐漸建立成一個完備的體系。漢語歌唱論者，早在《尚書》和《詩經》的時代，就發現歌唱與語言在發聲上的關係。他們在四、五千年前，已指出歌唱是語言的延長這個基本原理。歷代的歌唱理論家都對這個原理進行探索。聲韻學的研究主要是為這種探索而產生的。可以說，漢語聲韻學研究的主要目的之一就是為歌唱發聲服務。從宋代的詞唱開始，歌唱理論家自覺地把聲韻學的研究成果運用於歌唱發聲理論之中。切韻學的反切之法，等韻學的四呼五音之分，開合清濁之辨，都成為漢語歌唱發聲理論地中要內容。本文嘗試對此作一次梳理，以見出漢語歌唱發聲理論的特點。

The vocalization of each nation’s vocal music is closely connected with the phonetic characteristics of its language. Phonetic characteristics influence the aesthetics of vocal music and thus also influence the method of vocalization. Chinese vocal music (here refers mainly to Han language music) has a long recorded heritage of at least five thousand years. It is natural that Chinese vocal music has its own method of vocalization. The method has been developed gradually along with the practice of Chinese vocal art (Poetry Singing, Ci singing, Qu singing, etc.) and has constructed a quite sophisticated system. Early in the time of The Book of History and The Book of Songs, four or five thousand years ago, the Chinese theorists had already discovered how the pronunciation of words (zi, Chinese characters) is related to vocalization. They found that to sing is but to prolong the sound of words in verse. From then on, theorists of all dynasties successively explored the “Principle of Word Prolonging” (chang yan zhi zhi) which they took as the basic theory of Chinese vocalization. The study of Classical Chinese phonology—sheng yun xue, the learning of tones and phonetics—is mainly orientated towards vocalization. Important theories of qie yun (a traditional method of pronouncing a Chinese character (zi) by showing it through two other characters, one with the same initial consonant and the other with the same vowel(s) and final consonant) and deng yun (pronouncing zi by adjusting the mouth and lips in four degrees of opening and closing) had already become theories of Chinese vocalization. This thesis presents the whole heritage in retrospect.