失序之抗衡——王九思曲作中的兩種歸隱

Contending with Displacement–Two Forms of Retirement in Wang Jiusi’s Songs and Drama

王九思（4-）在壯年遭遇仕途挫敗後，致力於寫曲，是明中葉重要曲家之一。本文以其曲作為中心，探討王九思如何在生命逆轉和理想失序的困境中，透過文學創作來加以抗衡。歸隱是王九思曲作中的核心主題，與同題材的元明散曲、戲曲相比較，可凸顯其特點。此外，同樣是敘寫歸隱，王九思在其散曲和戲曲中也呈現出兩種不同的歸隱形態。散曲中強調的是「自樂在林泉住」的歸興，但王九思仍是以被罷斥的遷客身份出現，只是以歸隱生活的逍遙，來抗衡被罷官的失意。戲曲《沽酒遊春》中的杜甫則不但未遭罷官，而且還升做翰林學士。歸隱不再是罷官後迫不得已的道路，而是他自身的選擇。戲曲的虛構形式允許王九思做更顛覆性的書寫，「不如咱急流中歸去勇」提供了一條完全理想化的歸隱的道路。

After his official career imploded, Wang Jiusi (1468-1551) participated actively in qu writing and later became one of the major qu writers in the mid Ming. Focusing on his qu writings, including both sanqu and drama, this paper explores how Wang Jiusi coped with his displacement from the political and cultural center through his literary pursuits. Retirement is a major theme in Wang Jiusi’s qu writings. Wang’s representation of retirement shows distinct characteristics from the Yuan and Ming sanqu and drama on the same theme. Furthermore, his sanqu and drama also depict two different forms of retirement respectively. In his sanqu, Wang celebrated the joy of retirement, but he could only do so in the capacity of a dismissed official. The triumph of the world of withdrawal and retirement over the world of chaos and power politics is only achieved after Wang had already been rejected from his official career. In his drama Gujiu youchun, by contrast, instead of being dismissed, Du Fu was promoted to the post of Hanlin Academician. In the fictional world of the drama, Du Fu eventually chooses to retire, a power that neither he nor Wang Jiusi enjoyed in reality. The fictional form of drama has situated the protagonist and the author in a more powerful and subversive position with full control of their own destinies, and has created a more fully ideal path to retirement.