排灣族milimilingan程式化敘事的考察──以「重疊人名」及「重覆」為探討中心

Survey on Formulaic Narrative of PaiwanMilimilingan: “Repetitive Pattern ofName” and “Repetition” as Center ofDiscussion

milimilingan是排灣族特殊的口頭故事。其龐大的篇幅、複雜的細節以及「重疊人名」使得它有別於排灣族其他口頭文類。但是歷來的研究尚未對這兩項特徵深入探討。於是本文使用帕里（M.Parry）及洛德（A.B.Lord）的「程式」（formula）概念來考察milimilingan的敘事，發現「重疊人名」及「重覆」具有「程式」的作用。「重疊人名」的使用與敘事的格律息息相關。其選用、出現次序及排列組合深受聲學規則及排灣族命名法則的制約，故事人名是整組地被使用，這正是「重疊人名」做為「程式」的證明。再者，「重覆」讓講述者預思下文，幫助聽眾記憶，並加強聽與說之間的互動，也做為故事的結構基礎，對於講述者及聽眾具有重要意義。這些「重覆」的敘事段落自成一格，卻又可以根據情境需要隨意組構成較長的故事。這也正是它們作為是獨立「程式」的證明。milimilingan是道地的「程式化敘事」。透過程式化的敘事，milimilingan得以發展出龐大的篇幅及繁複的風格，並強調了美感娛樂的效果。也就是說，因為程式化敘事的關係，使得milimilingan與排灣族其他口頭文類有所分別。

Milimilingan is a kind of special oral narrative. It is differentfrom other oral narrative genres because of its extraordinary length,complicated details, and especially its “repetitive pattern of name”.However, the studies in the past for these characteristics are not indepth. For the reason of further clarification, this article made a survey oftechnique of milimilingan, which employed the concept of formula of M.Parry and A. B. Lord, to convey the idea that “repetitive pattern of name”and “repetition” possess formulaic functions.On one hand, using “repetitive pattern of name” is closely linked tometer of narrative. The names’ selection, sequence and permutation isdeeply restricted to acoustic rules and nomenclature of Paiwan language,and names of tales are used correspondingly; thus, it is evidence that“repetitive pattern of name” is used as a formula. On the other hand,“repetition” let speakers think in advance, help audience memorize thecontext, and strengthen interaction between speakers and audiences. Italso is a foundation of structure of tales. It means a lot to both speakersand audiences. These repetitive traits can not only work independentlybut also cooperate to construct longer tales freely according to contextsand necessity. It is also evidence that they are independent formulas.Milimilingan is a genuine formulaic narrative. Functioning of the formulas, “repetitive pattern of name” and “repetition”, makes thedevelopment of other peculiar styles (extraordinary length, complicateddetails) possible, and it consolidates the effect of beauty and recreation.That is to say, it is the formulas that make Milimilingan different fromother oral narrative genres of Paiwan.