從民間文學的版權保護談民間文學的改寫──以霍斯陸曼‧伐伐〈狗王子〉為例

Copyright and Adaptation of Folklore: A Case of Husluman Vava’s “Dog Prince”

民間文學也是一種創造活動的產物，但基於其口頭性、變異性、集體性與匿名性等特性，其版權的保護甚少受到重視與討論。本文嘗試從民間文學版權保護的觀點出發，討論民間文學改寫的議題。旨在主張民間文學的改寫，應該站在尊重原始口傳的智慧財產權的基礎上進行。首先，回顧國際社會對民間文學版權保護的討論，回顧被提出的幾點具體作法。其次，釐清民間文學與民間文學改寫，亦即「整理」與「改寫」二者間的差異，揭示兩種不同工作領域，不同的敘事風格，與書寫動機、目的的差異。以布農族作家霍斯陸曼‧伐伐改寫的〈狗王子〉為討論文本，與實際在部落流傳的版本作比對。從其中國化詞彙的選用、與族群傳統背景脈絡迥異的描寫，思考民間文學的改寫宜有所規範，方能傳達族群的文化價值、自我認同、歷史情感。否則原住民的口傳文化，或許在改寫的過程中，過度變形、扭曲而造成讀者錯誤的認知。雖然民間文學版權保護在實際施行上仍有許多困難處，在口傳凋零，文字印刷、傳媒強勢的當代，惟有思考對民間文學進行版權保護，建立正確的民間文學觀念，才能避免民間文學在商業的利用下受到傷害，維繫台灣文化的多元性與族群的主體性。

Folklore is a kind of the forms taken by the results of creativeactivity. However, because of its traits such as currency in memory,orality, anonymity of authorship and variability, copyright of folklore isseldom considered and discussed. This article tries to argue adaptationof folklore from the view of copyright of folklore. Adaptation of folkloreshould be based on the respect of oral intellectual property.First, this article reviews ideas and arguments about the applicationof copyright proposed in several meeting organized by WIPO andUnesco in 1980s . Second, this article emphasizes the differencebetween folklore and adaptation of folklore. In other words, transcribingand representing in writing are quite different to adapting. They belong totwo different fields. They not only have different narrative styles, but alsodistinct motive and purpose in writing.Compare the text: Husluman Vava’s “Dog Prince” with the originalcopy transmitted in Bunun tribe, we can find out that the author doesuse a lot chinalization words. This text has been adapted substantiallyso that far away from its traditional context. Certainly, there should besome disciplines of adapting folklore. Authors should think first over howto express the value of culture, identification, emotions and history ofpeople. Otherwise, unauthorized use of folklore might be very harmful tooral culture of aboriginals: misappropriation, distortion, exploitation.Although the matter is not quite that simple, we are duty-bond toconsider the theoretical and practical problems that the legal protection of folklore presents. Only establishing correct concepts of folklore andtrying to take appropriate steps to protect folklore, we can keep the richand uniqueness of Taiwanese culture.