由「成聖」看荀子的「為學步驟」

From Becoming a Sage to see the Steps of Study in Hsün Tze

荀子很注重「為學」，而為學的最終目的在「成聖」。對於「聖人」，有時他由「知」有時由「行」來規定，很不一致。這導致他有「為學」究竟止於「行」或「知」的問題。學者都沒注意到此中的問題。本文由荀子對「聖人」的瞭解來解決此二問題。此中，「知通統類」的三層意思及「知與行的關係」最為重要。在〈勸學篇〉荀子提出為學有四具體當作之事/步驟，但本文提出依他對「聖人」的了解，為學的步驟應該有五，如此同時解決上述二問題。這五件事或步驟為：（一）誦數以貫之，（二）思索以通之，（三）為其人以處之，（四）除其害以持養之，及（五）全盡禮義而「攝知於行」、「以行著知」。

For Hsün Tze, study is very important, and the ultimate end of study is to become a sage. As to sage, sometimes he defines it from the respect of “practice”, sometimes with or from “knowing,” very inconsistent. This makes his views about sage and that of the last step of study inconsistent. This study is purposed to resolve these two problems through making a comprehensive understanding and a deep analysis on his concept of “sage”. As to this, Che Tun Tung-Lei and the relation between practice and knowing are the keys. For Hsün Tze, there are 4 steps in study, but in this paper I argue that for him there should be 5, and this at the same time should be able to resolve the above two problems. The 5 steps are: (1) reading and going through the classical books, (2) catching the principle/ Tung-Lei which undergoes through all things in terms of thinking well, (3) taking sages as the examples for actions, (4) cultivating the Hsin of Hsin-er according to Li-Yi, and (5) acting only according to Li-Yi, and this meanwhile is to disclose one's knowing Li- Yi.