從《莊子‧養生主》論心靈的突破與生命的安頓

On the Breakthrough of Mind and the Settle Down of Life in According to the Chapter “Nourishment of Souls”

莊學是境界化的老學，亦即將老子思想落實於主體修養及生活實踐的智慧之學，而莊書內七篇第三的《莊子．養生主》可說是精要且鮮明地展現此一義理。《莊子．養生主》篇幅雖以寓言為多，但開頭的理論敘述，無疑是全文的開宗明義，結尾則能前後呼應並總收一篇之旨趣，本論文即圍繞此等議論性文字做義理解讀，藉以釋放篇中各寓言的高明啟示。本論文以為莊子此篇題旨大可包含「『養生』主」及「養『生主』」二義，前者又當細分為「『養生』為主」及「『養生』之主」。「『養生』為主」自是提醒我們人生當有價值目的之成全而不可失其所養，「『養生』之主」則側重說明何者才是能夠有效證成此人生理想之境界與歸趨的根本原理，若「養『生之主』」乃復進一步強調凡養生之根本原理必繫之於主觀之修為與印可。又莊子此篇明顯點破，人生之困境莫非心知執取所造成，蓋由此心知執取故人於一切遭遇中難免產生善惡、成敗、得失、生死等種種之對立與牽掛，是故設若能在主觀上知病去病，則能於客觀實踐中體貼善惡相通、成敗皆然、得失兩忘而死生一如的大自在，此亦即以超曠之心靈顯示其安時而處順的實踐智慧。凡《莊子．養生主》所啟迪的生命理想，概若於是者。

The philosophy of Zhuangzi is the voided and traquillized philosophy of Laozi, i.e. to embodied the subject cultivatin and practiced the life wisdom in Laozi. The chapter 'Nourishment of Soul', i.d. the third article of the Inner Chapters of Zhuangzi, reveals expressively and briefly this characteristic. The chapter 'Nourishment of Soul' is written mostly metaphoric stories, but its theoretical exploration at beginning is undoubtly a thesis in general and its conclution reveals its arguments coherently. In this paper I make our focus on the reading principle about these argumentations and the interpretation of profound meaning of these metaphors. In this paper I also touch the ambiguity of the title of this chapter: 「養生」主 versus 養「生主」 ('advocate “the nourishment of life”' versus the 'nourishing “life-subject”'). On this problem I understand at first 'advocate “the nourishment of life”' as the basic meaning in author's intention and the 'nourishing “life-subject”' as extended explanation of the chapter. Therefore I well explain step by step in this paper that Zhuangzi told us: all sufferings in human life are caused by his mind and we can eliminate it only through removing his stubbornness in relativities of the phenomenon world.