先秦儒學思想中的「遇合」問題——以〈窮達以時〉為討論起點

The Problem on the “Choice Procedure” of Pre-Ch'in Confucian Using “Qiongda yishi” as the Starting Point

本文主要的論述焦點是集中在先秦儒學思想中的「遇合」問題，因為人生的遇合，恆為人們所必然面對，不管其出生、思想傾向或人格特質有多大的差異，此一課題，無人能夠迴避。作為一個具有高度使命感的學派，儒家學者自孔子起即以「行道」於「天下」為其實踐的目標。然而，主觀意願的努力，終究至是努力者的分內事，而客觀環境才是主宰最後成敗的關鍵。是以，儒者如何處理客觀限制所帶來的困境，包括實際實踐的困難，以及因而帶來的心境之挫折，正可突顯出儒者在「主體」功夫上的修為。因此，分析先秦儒學思想中的「遇合」問題，將可說明上述意義。本文將以新出土的郭店楚簡〈窮達以時〉為起點，梳理先秦儒學在此問題上的主張及其可能的哲學內涵。

This thesis mainly focuses on the initiative of the “choice procedure”, by the Confucians scholars' of pre-Ch'in . This is a crisis that everyone must face, despite of one's birth, principles, or personality divergence. The Confucian scholar ever since Confucius has the principle of planting the ethics into practice, these scholars believe that it is their obligation to apply this philosophy. However, the endeavor with a subjective desire is still an inner scope of the endeavourer's duty, but the objective milieu is the key to the final triumph. Therefore, how the Confucian scholar solve the predicament brought by the limitation of the objectivity, including the perplexity of putting their philosophy into practice, and frustration brought by all above can exalt the dedication that the Confucian scholars gave on the “main body” ideology. Therefore, scrutinizing the Confucian scholar's ideology on the problem of “choice procedure” will be able to put in plain words what pointed out above. The essay will use the Chu dynasty books in Guodians' “Qiongda yishi” as a starting point, in order to explore the approach and the philosophical connotation that the Study of prior the feudal state of the Chin in the Chou Dynasty had.