社會主義發展中國家的商業空間結構變遷機制探討：上海市個案

THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMMERCIAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN A SOCIALIST DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF SHANGHAI

1930年代的上海曾是僅次紐約與倫敦的世界第三大城市，1949年經中國共產黨的“解放”與接管，在城市土地國有化、無償制的社會主義體制下，迅速的由消費城市轉變為生產城市。本文所感興趣的是中國大陸自1978年經濟改革開放以來，上海在土地有償使用制度與“簡政放權”政策的實施之後，其商業空間發展現象及背後的機制在上述獨特的社會情境下究係為何？全文焦聚在探討上海都市內部商業地區的空間形構，在1978年以後的變遷原因與形成，亦即：一為回顧社會主義國家與發展中國家的都市與商業空間發展等相關文獻；二為描述上海城市內部的商業空間形成及其背後機制探究。我們希望透過本篇文章的引介與討論，俾增進學界對彼岸空間生產與消費的瞭解，而有別於習見的資本主義城市空間發展論述，此等城市的空間變遷現象也不同於東歐與蘇聯等（後）社會主義體制的都市發展模式。

The third largest city in the world, after New York and London, when liberated by the Chinese communists in 1949, Shanghai was then converted into a city of production. Under the policies of reform since late 1970s, the city have been transformed back into one of consumption. We are interested in spatial effects caused by the unique institutional mechanisms (especially the land use control institutions) that came into being after the advent of the system of paid land use rights. This paper is part of an attempt to understand the phenomenal urban transformation of Shanghai since the all-important economic reforms started. We will try to explore the reconfiguration of the spatial structure among commercial areas in Shanghais inner districts after 1978 and the reasons behind the changes. It is compos ted of two main parts: (1) a review of the literature on urban and commercial space development in socialist and developing countries; and (2) a description of the forming of commercial spaces in the inner areas of Shanghai, as well as an analysis of the forces and engines that have been pushing for the changes. Its our hope that this paper will shed some light on the urban development in post-socialist China which is apparently defiant to the explanatory capacities of mainstream capitalist discourse and also different from the experience of the post-communist East-European countries.