日治時代之臺北市近代都市計畫（二）－－法制確立期之都市計畫

CONTEMPORARY TAIPEI CITY PLANNING JAPANESE COLONIAL AGE (II) ENACTMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANNING LEGAL SYSTEM

本文係本研究第（一）編之續論，對於臺北市近代都市計畫歷史分期之第3期「法制確立期」（1937～1945年），在此一法制架構之下，分析此歷史分期臺北市近代都市計畫之實態。質言之，臺灣之近代都市計畫法制發韌於殖民統治初期，基於實務經驗之累積，歷經改正，至1936年公布「臺灣都市計畫令」及其相關法規，法制架構已然成熟，全新之近代都市計畫制度亦自1937年4月1日起，次第實施。此一歷史分期之臺北市都市計畫，已全然掙脫早期「市區改正」以改善既成市街地公共衛生及交通為要旨之理念。在都市計畫之制度方面，確立「都市設施」之內涵，首次引入「地域、地區」制（使用分區、特定專用區），並建立「都市計畫稅」、「受益者負擔金」等制度。對於都市計畫事業實施之方法，則引進土地區劃整理（土地重劃）制度，將計畫目標與都市開發政策融為一體，對於減輕財政負擔、提昇土地價值、改善住宅環境、加速都市開發、有效掌握環境品質，均具有高度之正面效益。尤其土地重劃及「受益者負擔金」（工程受益費）制度，均為追求「社會公平」之理念而創設，實具有劃時代之意義。惟新法之實施始於1937年4月1日，同年7月即爆發中日戰爭，1941年肇啟太平洋戰爭（日本對美英宣戰），都市建設受戰爭之影響。戰爭後期，統治當局之財力、物力均陷於匱乏，在戰時體制之下，已無暇從事都市建設，因而依據新法施行之都市計畫事業，一再延後預定之竣工日期，故成果有限。戰後雖因政權轉移，惟告示多年之都市計畫，建設完成之都市設施，及長期以來建立之計畫法制，仍多為承續沿用，有關都市計畫制度，幸能繼續運作，暫時維持都市發展史上空白期之穩定，對於爾後臺北市之邁向現代化發展，其影響可謂深遠。

Following Part (I) of this Study, the Part (II) is to present the planning practice of the Taipei City in the third stage, referred to as 'Enactment Stage'(1937-1945), in the contemporary planning history. In essence, the contemporary planning legal system had been initiated from the beginning of the colonial administration. Based upon implementation experience and subsequent remedies, the planning legislation was completed in 1936 in 'The Taiwan City Planning Order' and the other relevant legislation whereupon. After this historical point, the central point of Taipei City planning moved away from the 'Renovating City Area' in the previous stage which was aiming at improving urban service facilities for those existing settlements. The new planning legislation defined the extent of 'Urban Facilities', defined the frame of 'General-use Zone, Specific-use Zone' in land uses, and incorporated there in 'City Planning Tax', 'Betterment Levy'. On implementation, the legislation incorporated the measures of Land Re-plotting (Land Consolidation). This implementation measures would effectively integrate planning objectives and policies, and should have significant merits on the following reducing public financial burden, increasing land value, improving housing quality, expediting urban development, and improving environmental quality. Land Re-plotting and Betterment Levy were assigned to pursue the objective of social justice in urban development, which had its own historical significance. The new legislation was set into effectiveness on the Appointed Day of the First of April1937. But, in July 1937 the Sino-Japan War broke out, followed by the Pacific War in 1941. Consequently, contribution of the new planning legislation to the city development was rather limited. After the war, the sovereight, was relinguished; nevertheless, the City Plan and the legislation had been largely retaining intact on implementation. The stability and continuity on city development had been resulting in profound influence onto the development of Taipei City.