台灣地區古蹟空間幾個問題探究－－以權利與公平觀點

ISSUES OF HERITAGE SPACE IN TAIWAN: A PERSPECTIVE RIGHT AND EQUITY

由於臺灣社會與經濟的變遷，不僅使得古蹟空間逐漸被人們遺忘，而且人們也逐漸失去最珍貴的歷史空間。所有的古蹟空間都代表著城市發展的歷史，故古蹟成為都市衰敗的地區，在空間的逐漸消失後，所能保留的僅僅只有虛幻記憶。近來由於全世界逐漸體會到古蹟代表著人們生活與成長的共同記憶空間之後，古蹟被保護與保存的觀念就變得越來越重要。由於個人認為自己應該擁有古蹟的權利，故開始覺得自身的權利是否被剝奪。相對而言，政府基於社會大眾利益的角度而盲，古蹟的權利應該是屬於社會共同所有的。於是長久以來爭議不斷的問題－－“誰擁有古蹟的權利？公平嗎？”值得繼續討論的。迄今在許多國家使用一些方法試圖解決古蹟保存的問題例如土地使用分區管制、發展權移轉、但大多數是基於法令上與方法上的論述卻少有哲理上的思惟。雖然在台灣有許多的學者使用過這些方法，但適合與否？故為解決這些複雜的問題與發掘到底誰有古蹟的權利，本文將先由古蹟的定義開始，再探究權利與土地所有權在歷史脈絡上的意義，以及公平的看法，然後說明目前台灣的古蹟空間問題，最後研提一些對策以供後續研究者參考。

The rapid transformation of economics and society in Taiwan had not merely led to de-memorize heritage spaces, but also increasingly made Taiwanese lose their valuable spaces of history. Because they present a historical development of cities, the heritage spaces always constituted as the declined area in the cities. In the growing disappearance of these heritage spaces, what has rescued in pepole mind is the illusive memories only. Recently, protection and reservation concepts for historical heritage have increasingly become imprortant, while the meaning of common memory space for pepole living and growing-up is well aware in the world. Because holding a heritage right has been considered as a personal right, people strat to feel that their heritage right has been deprived. Based on the governmental view of maintaining public benefits, the heritage interests belong to the public. It is for this reason that questions of 'who should own heritage right?' and 'is it fair?' are controversial. Approaches such as zoning system and transfer development right are used by many countries to sovle the heritage problems. However, most of them is considered on the basis of statute and methodology without any philosophy thinking about the heritage issues. Although these approaches are also used by many scholars of Taiwan, is it appropriate for Taiwan's environment? In order to clarify these complex problems and who should own the heritage right, the paper begins with the identification of heritage meaning to explore the historical meaning of property right and land ownership, and the equity. The heritage issues in Taiwan are examined and their policy implications for further research are proposed.