二戰時期美國人眼中的臺灣認同：一個側面的觀察

Taiwanese Attitudes and Identities under the World War II: Based on American Investigations

二戰下的臺灣人與日本人，隨著戰爭的發展，逐漸形成微妙的關係。特別是戰爭休戚與共，命運相連的處境，似乎改造了某些人的國族認同，在身為臺灣人、中國人與日本人的混亂認同中，依然選擇日本這方。不過，出於個人經驗，慘遭日人凌虐的民眾，或者在南洋戰場遭到遺棄的臺籍日軍，也有人對日本充滿恨意，期待盟軍早日解放臺灣。 美國為了登陸臺灣計畫與空投傳單策略，曾於 1944 年訪談曾旅居臺灣的外國人士。大部份訪談內容顯示，當時的臺灣人對中國的認同高於日本，期待回歸為中國的 一省。1945 年，美國軍方整合許多臺籍日軍與日本戰俘訊問書，企圖掌握當盟軍進攻臺灣時，臺灣人可能採取的立場。結果顯示，許多受訪者認為臺灣人將協助盟軍對抗日軍，並接受國民政府的統治。 美國認為在日本統治之下，其實大部份臺灣人都帶有一種被壓抑的敵意。這種敵視日本的態度，許多戰區都曾發生。高比率的投降、逃亡，甚至是為了報復而襲擊日本軍人，都是這種情感的表現。過去討論皇民化或日治時期之臺灣人認同問題時，多 是由臺灣人日記、回憶和日本方面的史料著手，較缺乏第三國於當代的觀察與剖析。 本研究運用典藏於美國國家檔案館（National Archives and Records Administration, NARA）的訪談紀錄、分析報告，以進行討論。

The delicate relationship between Formosans and Japanese gradually emerged under the World War II. While war and destiny drew them together, some Formosans' attitudes were transformed and forced them choose to be pro-Japanese. However, other Formosans who were abused by Japanese or abandoned at war front, their attitudes were favorable toward Allied eventual invasion. For developing an Allied landing and propaganda leaflets, American intelligence units interviewed Formosa experts in 1944. Most interviewees thought that the Formosan Chinese were hostile to the Japanese and strongly desired Formosa to become a Chinese province. In 1945 American military set a study using interrogation reports of the Japanese and Formosan prisoners of war on attitudes of Formosans when the Allied forces landing on Formosa. Many participants were certain the majority of Formosans would turn against the Japanese, assist the Allies and stood by that Formosa should return to China. American specified that the attitudes of the Formosans toward the Japanese appeared to be largely suppressed, latent but widespread antagonism. Reactions by the Formosans took the form of widespread hatred for Japanese, a high rate of surrender and attacks upon Japanese solders. In the past, most researches on Formosan identities under the Japanese ruled focused on Formosan diaries or memoirs, but lacked of observations and investigations from other countries. For covering the sufficient, this article uses the declassified reports from National Archives and Records Administration.