從培養國民科學素養觀點發展科學博物館的展示

Developing Exhibitions in Science Museums with the Goal of Cultivating Science Literacy

科學素養是一個概括的觀念，並非一個一致性的定義，科學素養的意義是希望透過其觀念，幫助教育機構發展出最有利於民眾的科學教育。目前科學教育需求愈來愈多，對國民科學素養要求的水準也就愈來愈高，要在制式的學校教育過程中達成科學素養的需求是很困難的。科學博物館因為具備了開放性的非制式教育理念與多元化的展示型態兩個重要特性，成為培養全民科學素養的重要場所，並能填補學校教育的不足。科學博物館則以透過展示活動遂行其教育目標，而展示活動則建立在明確的科學詮釋立場與配合當前科學教育理念的基礎上，以獲得民眾的普遍信賴。在以培養國民科學素養的前提之下，從科學詮釋與教育理念基礎上發展出來的「建構主義取向」展示，是現代科學博物館展示的發展趨向，建構式展示以科學素養的內涵為展示架構；以包含數學、科學與科技的完整科學為展示內容；在展示方法上發展個人知識建構的方法，以及個人與群體的互動學習關係。建立一個建構式展示計劃應有五個基本要件：網絡化的展示內容、經驗延伸的學習環境、動態的學習模式、非限制性的展示時空以及互動的人我關係。科學學習恐懼症隨著科學的快速發展而相形惡化，科學博物館必須在社會公器的特殊地位上，對因學習恐懼引起的科學失學現象負起社會責任，為達成培養國民科學素養的目標，科學展示的效果就在於令人產生深刻的參觀經驗，引發對科學從未有過的熱烈興趣，這是建構式展示的基本目的。

Scientific literacy is a general concept, not a rigid definition. The meaning of scientific literacy is that with its concept, to help educational institutes developing science education, which is most beneficial to the general public. Current science education demands higher and higher standards of the scientific literacy of civilians due to increasing demands involving technical knowledge in everyday life. Consequently, it is very difficult to achieve the goal simply by receiving traditional mandatory education. Science museum is endued with two characteristics － informal educational institutions and presenting multi-functional exhibition patterns, which play an important role in developing scientific literacy among the public and supplement deficiencies in the mandatory education system in terms of science education. The science museums achieve the goal through holding exhibitions and activities. The exhibitions and activities can only obtain the public's trust when they are based on explicit scientific explanation and correspond with current science education. With the prerequisite of cultivating the population's scientific literacy, the use of Constructivism-oriented exhibitions, which is based on scientific explanation and the education concept, is a trend in modem science museums. The Constructivism exhibition adopts the connotation of scientific literacy as its framework. The content of an exhibition should include mathematics, science, and technology. The method of presenting the exhibition should aim to develop an individual's knowledge and improve interaction between individuals and groups. There are five fundamental requirements of making a Constructivism-oriented exhibition plan. It should contain exhibition network building, friendly learning environment, activate learning mode, exhibition without the limitation of time and space, and it should promote interaction between an individual and the group. “Science - learning phobia” is deteriorating with the rapid growth of science. Science museums, enjoying a special status in this society, have to take the responsibility to help the public overcome impolitic phenomenon and science learning and develop scientific literacy. A major tool to achieve this is the Constructivism exhibition, which is designed to enhance the visitor's experience and cultivate their interests in science.