「雜家」和「綜合」之思想意義——中日學者對《呂氏春秋》與《呂》─《荀》關係之研究評述

Syncretism or Synthesis?: A Critical Review on the Comparative Research of The Lüshichunqiu and the Xunzi

本文的目的有二。第一，本文是比較研究《荀子》與《呂氏春秋》的基礎工作，藉由評論研究《呂氏春秋》，以及《荀子》與《呂氏春秋》思想之比較的既有成果，釐清其中迄今一直遭遇到的一些問題。第二，促進中文學界和日本學界《呂氏春秋》研究見解的交流。本文主要藉由分析中、日既有的相關研究，闡述（1）過去的《呂氏春秋》研究傾向呈現「雜家」vs.「非雜家」的二分法觀點來進行的情況；（2）學者在比較分析《呂氏春秋》和《荀子》之間的某種思想共同點之際，通常將兩者之間的關係視為前者對後者單方面的影響。針對（1）本文基於以「公」、「理」概念為切入點的西川靖二、工藤豐彥、以及赤塚忠的研究，確認《呂氏春秋》思想其實具有「統合」的層面。而針對（2）本文則回顧苗潤田等學者的研究，認為《呂氏春秋》深受稷下思想之影響的見解，並且指出《呂氏春秋》和《荀子》之間某種「思想上的類似性」，是兩者均受稷下思想所致，而不代表《呂氏春秋》受到《荀子》的單方面影響。

This article is a critical review of major research by Chinese and Japanese scholars on the thought of the Lüshichunqiu and its possible influential relationship with that of the Xunzi. Traditionally, the thought of Lüshichunqiu has been long regarded as “syncretic”, modern studies have modified such observation by means of discovering rather synthetic characteristics in it. This article advances this direction by focusing upon some key concepts such as “gong 公” (fairness) and “li 理” (principle and reasonableness). These stand out as key elements that enable the system of thought in the Lüshichunqiu attain its philosophical unity. Meanwhile, this article also discusses a major issue on the comparative research on the relationship of thought between the Lüshichunqiu and the Xunzi. Most past studies have only paid attention to the one-way influence from the Xunzi to the Lüshichunqiu. On this issue, this article presents an alternative viewpoint: the common elements in the thought of the two works seemed to have originated from intellectual activities of the Jixia 稷下 scholars such as Zou Yan 鄒衍and Shen Dao 慎到.