明代提學官制與孫應鰲〈教秦緒言〉教育訓詞探析

Investigation and Analysis for The Minister of Education of Ming Dynasty and a Speech of Admonition, “Advice to All Teachers and Students” by Sun Ying-Ao

明代提學官，執掌一方之學，任務殊重。嘉靖四十年(1561)，陝西提學官孫應鱉蒞政之初，為督率士風寫下〈教秦緒言〉，對官師與諸生提出十六項條示。其內涵，可歸納為十點：（一）揭示篤實尚德之教育宗旨；（二）標舉存心立志之內在功夫；（三）提出超然大心之價值取向；（四）強調實修實行之道德實踐；（五）倡導勤學戒速之學習態度；（六）重視廣博務實之課程訓練；（七）傳授課試應舉之進業策略；（八）成立會友輔仁之讀書社團；（九）關切及早養正之親職教育；（十）申明師嚴道尊之師道理念。這些觀點，頗具時代性、實用性、新穎性，縱有瑕疵，但確是一篇富贍意義的教育訓詞。

The Minister of Education of Ming Dynasty had a great responsibility of managing the education of the country. In the 40th year of Jiajing Regime (1561), not long after the Minister of Education of Shanxi Province, Sun Ying-Ao took office, he wanted to promote the mood of studying among all teachers and students. Then he wrote an essay, “Advice to All Teachers and Students,” proposing to them 16 items. Actually, the contents of the essay can be summarized into 10 points: (一). Elucidating the education objectives of sincerity, honesty and morality; (二) Highlighting the internal power of making resolutions determinedly; (三) Suggesting the super-wide generosity-oriented value; (四) Emphasizing the moral homework of real learning and real practicing; (五) Advocating the learning attitude of hardworking and no speedy learning; (六) Stressing the curricular training of broad-viewed and solid practices; (七) Instructing the strategies of taking respectful attitude towards open examination; (八) Establishing studying societies for meeting the friends having the same interest of studying; (九) Paying concern for correct parental education as soon as possible; and (十) Declaring the principles and ideals of strict teaching and respects for teachers. In fact, all these viewpoints are quite contemporary, practical and modern. Even though the essay of advice has some flaws, it is really an immortal educating admonition with multiple levels of value.