胡塞爾早期倫理學與亞里斯多德倫理學的關係

Relationship between Husserl’s Early Ethics and Aristotle’s Ethics

此論文乃從亞里斯多德的《尼可馬各倫理學》來看胡塞爾早期著作《倫理學與價值論講義》(Vorlesungen über Ethik und Wertlehre) 中〈倫理學與價值論的基本問題〉(Vorlesungen über Grundfragen zur Ethik und Wertlehre) 的類似義涵，以顯示胡塞爾倫理學的一些論述可從亞里斯多德倫理學的思想來做理解與詮釋。我們從 (1) 胡塞爾定位倫理學為技藝論，(2) 胡塞爾論價值判斷起源於感情，以及 (3) 胡塞爾區別意願與願望等三個課題來看胡塞爾早期倫理學與亞里斯多德倫理學的關係。將亞里斯多德與胡塞爾倫理學定位為技藝論是本文的主軸；而針對胡塞爾早期的倫理學著作，我們詮釋了技藝論的三層意義，並提出他所欲建立的純粹倫理學如同純粹邏輯學一樣，皆作為技藝論中的最高層次。此意味著，「自然的生成是最高的技藝製造」（海德格語），而自然的生成乃以亞里斯多德思想體系的「純形式」為極致，倫理學的純粹性本包含著一切質料性，這即是胡塞爾所言純粹科學反具有最大實踐成就的意義。鑒於此，當胡塞爾早期將倫理學類比於邏輯學，並常就其純粹性來談論，以至給予讀者太過於形式化的印象時，本文欲揭示胡塞爾這種處理方式背後的意義，並期而求得對之更允當的理解與評論。

This paper aims at reading the article ‘Lectures on Basic Ques-tion to Ethics and Doctrine of Value’ in Husserl’s early work Lectures on Ethics and Doctrine of Value in view of Aristotle’s The Nico-machean Ethic, and conceiving the similar meaning between them. It is to be shown that we can understand and interpret some discussions in Husserl’s ethics via Aristotle’s ethics. We discuss the relationship between them regarding the following three issues: (1) Husserl characterizes ethics as a doctrine of craft; (2) Husserl argues that the judgment of value springs from affection; (3) Husserl differentiates the concept of “will” from that of “wish”. That we characterize Aristotle’s and Husserl’s ethics together as a doctrine of craft is the main axis of this paper. In regard to Husserl’s early ethics, we interpret there are three levels of meaning of the doctrine of craft for him, and suggest the pure ethics, so as the pure logics, means the highest level of the doctrine of craft. It means also: “phýsis is the highest poíesis” (Heidegger’s words), and phýsis develops itself for the sake of the “pure form” according to Aristotle’s thinking system. The purity of ethics contains in original all matters. This is what Husserl means the pure science (theory) is equipped with the greatest achievement of praxis. As a result, while the earlier Husserl discusses about ethics so in analog to logics and often regarding its purity, as to give many readers the impression of his too formalized way of treatment, this paper wants to expose the profound meaning behind this treatment, in order to provide a more adequate understanding and comment for it.