指南山麓論「指南」：康德哲學中「啟蒙」與「思想中定向」問題的探討

Kant on 'Enlightenment' and 'Orientation in Thinking'

本文論述採取詮釋學解讀方式，集中探討康德1786年〈何謂在思想中定向〉這篇短文裡，為繼續確立「理性自行思考」之最高真理測試石的地位，以充分發揮啟蒙精神與要旨，所提出的「理性指南針」之喻。除分析其論證步驟和立說重點外，也特別注意到這篇短文和康德批判哲學的整體呼應。文章首先說明這篇康德應時之作的內容與背景，康德和當時其他啟蒙思想家對哲學最高原理、對超感性事物領域的掌握方式之主張差異；隨後從當代哲學論述更加關心的主體際理解與溝通的問題視角，重新審思康德對理性思維之如何與他人傳達交換等問題的可能解答。為此，本文進一步檢討他後來有關「共同感」、「人類共同悟性三格律」等擴展開的思想格律說，也稱之為「實踐智慧三格律說」。最後結論則呼應著若干最新的當代康德研究成果，並且替康德哲學澄清疑慮，找出其能夠再加應用於現代生活世界與當前哲學論述情境中的可能發展。

This paper aims at a hermeneutical reading of the essay entitled 'What is Orientation in Thinking?' (Kant 1786). It highlights on the spirit of the Enlightenment as Kant first elucidates it in this essay with the 'Compass of Reason' metaphor and then raises the privileged 'self thinking in one's own reason' as the highest proof stone of the truth. The paper begins with an elaboration of Kant's position on questions about the highest principles of philosophy, on how to make judgments in the supersensory spheres and on the differences between Kant and his contemporaries. It examines after that this position from a contemporary philosophical perspective which emphasizes rather on intersubjective communication and understanding each other. For this purpose it continues to make a survey of Kant's expanded thinking arts named as sensus communis, as the three maxims of the 'common human understanding' or of the 'practical wisdom'. It concludes with some echoes out of the recent Kant studies, both to clear up misunderstandings about Kant and to show the probable way to bring his ideas forwards in the philosophical dialogues in our time.