明代前期內閣與吏部主導人事權之變遷

The Transition of the Dominance over Personnel Affairs by the Grand Secretariat and the Ministry of Personnel

本文旨在探討明代從永樂至成化期間，內閣與吏部在主導全國文官人事權方面的互動和消長。第一章為「前言」，言明研究取向和史料基礎。第二章為「宣德、正統時期內閣的攬權」，敘述永樂年間內閣逐漸形成後，歷經洪熙，至宣德時，大學士「三楊」位望日益崇高，深得人君信任，遂獨攬高等文官任免的操控權，吏部尚書王直無法與之抗衡。第三章為「景泰、天順時期吏部的復權」，景泰年間「三楊」己去世，吏書王直資望日高，內閣大學生陳循、高穀等不能專擅人事權。天順時期，首輔李賢與吏書王翱相互援引，互動空前良好。第四章為「成化初年的閣、部之爭」，是時內閣大學士彭時和商輅均為三朝元老，眾望所歸，吏書李秉與之爭權，不敵去職。從此閣、部大勢底定，大學士班位、實權均凌越吏部尚書之上。第五章「結論」，申述百年之間，內閣逐步從吏部手中取得人事主導權的過程和原因。

This article probes into the interaction of the grand secretariat and the ministry of personnel over personnel affairs from Yun-lo to Ch'eng-hua periods. Chapter One is 'preface' describing the approaches of this study and its basis of historical materials. Chapter Two, titled 'the Take-over of Personnel Affairs by the Grand Secretariat during Hsuan-te and Cheng-tung periods.' depicts how the grand secretaries Yang Shih-ch'i, Yang Yung and Yang Fu gradually controlled the promotions and demotions of higher civil officials, whereas the minister of personnel Wang Chih was unable to balance their power. Chapter Three, titled 'the Regainment of the Dominance over Personnel Affairs by the Ministry of Personnel', relates that after the deaths of the grand secretaries surnamed 'the Three Yangs' the minister of personnel Wang Chih finally regained his dominance over personnel affairs during Ching-t' ai period and the prime secretary Li Hsian closely cooperated with the minister of personnel Wang Ao during T'ien-shun period. Chapter Four, titled 'the Conflicts between the Grand Secretariat and the Ministry of Personnel during Early Ch'eng-hua Period', mainly deals with the incident in 1468A.D. that the grand secretaries P'eng Shih and Shang Lo launched an attack on the minister of personnel Li Ping and drove him out of his post in the next year. Chapter Five is 'Conclusion' exploring the reasons why the grand secretariat eventually surpassed the ministry of personnel over personnel affairs.