周代封建制度之建立與破壞

The Establishment and Demolishment of the Feudal System in the Chou Dynasty

探討古代中國的政治社會結構，其中最重要的議題，當屬封建制度所造成的影響。因為自西周封建制度建立以來，整個上古時期中國的文化、社會、政治無不受其影響。所以這一個論點的討論，正是解開古代中國文化形成的重要切入點。本文便是希望透過時空因素的分析，重建封建制度出現的具體情境。並經由多面向的討論，呈顯周代封建制度的建立與破壞。底下將分六節進行此論題的討論。首先，本文將討論商周關係，並說明周人代商的主因與「武力」有密切的關聯，而非經學家以道德性因素的解釋所能完全說明的。其次，以「武裝殖民」的觀點，分析周人封建的特質。第三，則論述周人封疆建藩的設計。第四，在上述的討論基礎上，以封建與城邦的關係，闡發封建國家的國土規劃及其後的秩序意義。第五，則以封建與宗法的關係，論析血緣關係在政治體制內的滲透現象。最後，以各侯國對宗法之禮的破壞，點明「國家」與封建血緣的關係已到窮途末路之時，新型態的「國家」即將躍登歷史舞台。

When we study the political and social structure in ancient China, one of the most critical issues among others is the impact of the feudal system. Since it was established in the Dynasty of West Chou, the feudal system has exerted an overwhelming influence on cultural, social, and political dimensions of the pre-historic time in China. Therefore to discuss the impact of the feudal system is to hold the key which can open up the process of cultural formation in ancient China. This paper attempts to reconstruct the authentic situation of the rise of the feudal system in both temporal and spatial axes and to present the founding and the destruction of the feudal system in the Chou Dynasty from diverse perspectives. This paper will be divided into six parts. First of all, I will discuss the relationship between the Shang and the Chou Dynasties and argue that it is by force of arms and not by some moral factors that causes the fall of the Shang Dynasty and the rise of the Chou Dynasty. Next, I will analyze the traits of the feudal system of the Chou Dynasty from the perspective of 'armed colonization.' Thirdly, I will investigate the Chou Dynasty's scheme to install a feudal prefecture and to found a vassal state. Fourthly, I will base my interpretation of the land plan of the feudal state as well as its order significance on the above discussion and the relationship between the feudal system and the city-state. Fifthly, I will base my analysis of the infiltration phenomenon of blood relationship within the political body on the relationship between the feudal system and the clan law. Lastly, I will argue that the relationship between states and the feudal blood ties has drawn toward its end because of the destruction of the clan law by marquis states. This critical moment is the time for the new type of 'state' to come on the historical stage.