《合同法》第54條第1款第2項（顯失公平制度）評注

A Commentary on Art. 54 1 2 of the Contract Law: The Doctrine of Unconscionability

儘管學說上不乏爭議，但實務中普遍認為，《合同法》第54條的顯失公平制度應遵從《民通意見》第72條，包含主客觀雙重要件。不承認主觀要件，不僅面臨教義學上的障礙，在價值層面也難以成立。就規範目的而言，顯失公平制度是公序良俗原則之體現，與公平原則或誠信原則並無關聯。它的適用對象可以是合同，也可以是合同條款；適用範圍不限於雙務合同，亦不限於民事交易。在一些情形下，顯失公平的判定可以採類似於動態系統論的立場，綜合考慮主客觀要件。就法律後果而言，變更原則上優先於撤銷；變更合同條款時，原則上應模擬當事人真意，不宜直接套用相應的任意性規則。

It is widely accepted in the case law that unconscionability, in spite of the dispute among scholars, has a substantial and a procedural element. The ignorance of the latter would cause conceptual problems and negative results. The unconscionability doctrine is a materialization of the principle of public policy. It can be applied to bilateral contracts and some unilateral contracts, and to civil contracts as well as (limitedly) to business contracts. More exactly, either a contract or a contract term could be unconscionable. In some special circumstances, unconscionability can be established based on the so-called 'bewegliches system' theory, which allows a 'compensation' between the substantial and the procedural element. A modification is always better than a revocation. In case of modifying a contract the court should in principle try to imitate the bargaining between the parties. A modification according to the default rules should be exceptional. The rales on the unconscionability doctrine in the draft of the General Part of Chinese Civil Code is to be improved.