清初遺民《春秋》學中的民族意識──以王夫之、顧炎武為主的考察

The political Consciousness and Ethnicism of Loyalist : A Study on the Loyalist's Hermeneutics of Spring and Autumn Annals in Early Qing Dynasty

清初滿洲入關後，使中原地區形成漢文化與異文化頻繁交涉的情境，成為鼓動夷夏民族意識的土壤。遺民以種種儀式化行為（身殉、哭廟、焚儒服）來表達民族認同，也在經典中尋繹相關文本，藉以批判清政權以夷亂華。因此，《春秋》「攘夷尊夏」之論述，便成為遺民宣傳「排滿」的重要論據。正因這一時期特殊的歷史因素，使遺民《春秋》學顛覆傳統以文化界定夷夏的態度，而傾向於從地域、血緣與文化上定義夷／夏。本文將以王夫之、顧炎武二人的《春秋》學著作為主，探討清初遺民《春秋》學焦點由「尊王」向「攘夷」轉化的趨勢，釐析清初遺民的政治認同與夷夏觀。

After the Manchus Entering in China, the Chinese was forced to face alien regime and strange culture. In the atmosphere of cultural and political clash between Manchus and Chinese, the Ming loyalists had consciousness of nation and ethnic by the sense of otherness. The Loyalists demonstrated the political consciousness and ethnic self-awareness by some ritualized behaviour (sacrifice for the nation, burning the Confucian dress 焚儒服…etc.). In addition, the Loyalist also tried to find ethnocentric text in the classics. Therefore, the discourse of “Yi (other ethnic, 夷) and Xia(Chinese, 夏)” in Spring and Autumn Annals had been noticed. The Loyalists demonstrated their ethnocentrism by reconstructive interpretation of the “Yi and Xia” discourse of Spring and Autumn Annals. The author analyze the political consciousness and ethnicism of Loyalist by their hermeneutics of Spring and Autumn Annals.