王船山「時中」的重取客觀面向－－試論「時中」與「中庸」、「中和」之差異

Regaining Objectivity and Wang Chuan- Shan's Idea'Shi Zhong': On the Difference between 'Shi Zhong', 'the Doctrine of the Mean' and ' Zhong He'

明末清初大儒之一的王船山，因其義理精深博閎，歷來學者給予不少關注，且造就了豐碩的研究成果。不過筆者發現，船山對「時中」的別具用心，卻鮮少受到討論，這是較為可惜之處。因此，本文欲針對船山「時中」進行探討，藉由其與「中庸」、「中和」的差異比較，揭示「時中」乃有重取客觀的關注面向，並延伸說明重取客觀又牽動正面承擔困境與展開人文歷史。要言之，船山所承繼的儒學傳統之「中道」，固然包涵「中庸」、「中和」與「時中」，但尤以「時中」的重取客觀，更加契合船山義理所慮所思。

As one of the most important scholars during the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties, Wang Chuan-shan has attracted continuous attention because of his great thoughts. Scholarship on Wang abounds, but this author finds that Wang's idea 'Shi Zhong,' with its special intents and purposes, has never been fully discussed. For this reason, this paper investigates the idea 'Shi Zhong' in contrast to those of 'the doctrine of the mean' and ' Zhong He,' and reveals the inherent concern about objectivity. In Wang's thought, regaining objectivity also involves direct confrontation with dilemma and predicament, as well as undertaking a return to human history. The study concludes that Wang's inheritance of the Confucian 'Zhong Dao' surely contains the thoughts of 'the doctrine of the mean', ' Zhong He,' and 'Shi Zhong,' but 'Shi Zhong' in particular contains the idea of regaining objectivity, which accords more generally with Quan Shan's thought in its entirety.