《世說新語》呈現的魏晉園林文化

Garden Culture in the Wei-jin Period: As Witnessed by Shishuo Xinyu

魏晉南北朝是中國園林史上一個十分重要的發展時期，此時「皇家」、「寺觀」、「私家」三大類型園林並駕齊驅。由於魏晉時期是士族形成、發展及其到達頂點後又趨於衰落的階段，魏晉士人在政治、經濟、思想、文化、藝術等方面的特殊地位，必然會在生活的各個方面有所表現，此期興起的士族莊園正是其在居住方面的具體表現。莊園使得士族不僅有豐厚的經濟基礎，同時憑其豐富的人文素養與獨特的審美眼光，於是紛紛在自己的莊園內打造了私家園林，而成為後代文人園林之濫觴。自此以後，私家園林與皇家園林分庭抗禮，成為中國園林的一朵奇葩。與此同時，佛教的傳入與道教之流傳，寺觀園林也開始湧現，中國園林三大系統於焉形成。透過《世說新語》一書，即可看出此期皇家、寺觀、私家園林鼎足而三的盛況。到底魏晉園林文化有何傳承與變異之處？魏晉士人園林審美趣味究竟為何？士人又如何透過園林而展現其內心世界與精神風貌呢？這都是本文探討的重點。

The Wei-jin Period was one of the most important stages in the development of Chinese gardens when royal, temple and private gardens were equally predominant. At the time, the scholar-gentleman class reached its peak in social domination and cultural excellence, possessing a unique place in politics, economy, thoughts, and arts. The rise of the manor laid a good economical foundation for the scholar-gentlemen; it also enhanced their interest in building gardens in private estates with their unique sense of aesthetics and rich cultural literacy. This heralded the beginning of the literati gardens, and, ever since then, private gardens rivaled with royal gardens. During the time, the introduction of Buddhism and the prevailing of Taoism yet made possible the emergence of a third kind, the temple gardens. As a result, the tripartite development of Chinese garden set forth. In Shishuo Xinyu, one can see royal, temple and private gardens stand out equally. This paper aims to discuss the heritage and variations of the Wei-jin garden culture as well as the scholar-gentlemen's aesthetic sense of gardens, and at the same time exploring their inner world evinced in their garden-residence.