社會、技術、環境：近代內蒙古磴口地區生態環境演化研究

Society, Technique and Environment: Study on Evolution of Ecological Environment in Dengkou Area of Inner Mongolia in Modern Times

本文追溯了自晚清直到1960年代河套西部磴口地區的農業土地開發過程，從而揭示出：乾旱地區人類活動與生態環境演化的互動關係並非呈現一種線性的過程，而與人類活動的強度及土地利用方式密切相關。晚清直到1950年代初期，通過修建引黃灌溉管道進行的大規模但粗放的土地墾殖，在短時間內將大量荒地辟為耕地，使當地自然的荒漠草原景觀迅速轉化為人工的農田生態景觀；在1950年代初期以後，以穩定農業為目標的進一步土地開墾及植樹造林活動，雖然使這一地區的人口承載力獲得有效提高，但同時因原生植被和土壤表土層的破壞，使原本脆弱的自然生態環境發生惡化，日益嚴重的沙漠化與鹽鹼化又反過來制約農業的進一步發展。因此，乾旱地區的區域開發需要特別關注土地開墾與環境演化之間的協調關係，以防止在綠洲化的同時產生嚴重的土地退化問題。

This study reviews the agricultural land development in Dengkou area in the west of Hetao from late Ching Dynasty to 1960s and indicates that interaction between human activities and ecological environment evolution in drought area is not linear and it is closely associated with human activity intensity and land use. From late Ching Dynasty to early 1950s, large-scale and extensive land cultivation through diversion of the Huanghe River turned wastelands into cultivated lands in short time. Thus, natural wilderness was immediately transformed into artificial farmland. After early 1950s, upon stable agriculture as the goal, land cultivation and afforestation were implemented. Although the population capacity in the area was effectively enhanced, primary vegetation and top soil layer were damaged and fragile natural ecological environment was harmed. Gradually, serious desertification and salinization hinder the agricultural development. Therefore, development in drought area should particularly rely on the harmony between land cultivation and environmental evolution in order to avoid serious land degradation in oasis generation.