經學對通俗文學的滲透－－論《西遊記》的「引經據典」

The Infiltration of Confucian Classics into Popular Literature: On the“Allusions”in the Journey to the West

此文旨在歸納分析儒家經典對《西遊記》滲透的狀況及其原因和效應，但不涉及修辭技巧的討論。此文結合《十三經》與《四書》的閱讀與統計的方法，從外部條件進行分析探討。研究結果確定《西遊記》透過六種引述類型及三種運用方式引述儒家經典，按照引述數量多寡排列，則有《詩經》、《論語》、《周易》、《孟子》、《禮記》、《中庸》、《大學》、《左傳》、《尚書》、《爾雅》、《孝經》等經書165個用例。其次發現明代社會利祿與閱讀慣習的影響，乃是《西遊記》在外部條件下接受儒家經典的主要理由；透過經籍原始功能的考察，並藉「考據學」和「互文性」概念的分析，以為其中或隱藏有傳統經籍休閒娛樂功能復甦的意涵。其三發現儒家經典滲透進入通俗小說後，導引出一種嚴肅典正文本與通俗鄙俚文本混合的新文體，《西遊記》、《金瓶梅》、《肉蒲團》等通俗小說，即是此類新文體的實例，這同時也是儒家正統文本失序狀態或現象的表徵。研究成果除提供《西遊記》引述儒家經典的實例外，也提供不同的分析方式，對《西遊記》和通俗小說的研究，具有提供正確資料及新研究思考的功能。

This article investigates the infiltration of Confucian classics into the Journey to the West 西遊記, its reasons, and effects. Through combining reading of the “Thirteen Classics” and the “Four Books” with statistical analysis, I have concluded that the allusions to the Confucian classics in the novel fall into six types, and are applied in three different ways. According to the frequency of allusion, in descending order, there are one hundred and sixty-five cases in total from the Book of Poetry 詩經, the Analects 論語, the Book of Changes 易經, the Mencius 孟子, the Book of Rites 禮記, the Doctrine of the Mean 中庸, the Great Learning 大學, the Zuo Commentary 左傳, the Book of Documents 尚書, the Ready Rectifier 爾雅, and the Classic of Filial Piety 孝經. Secondly, I consider that the influences of the civil examination system and the reading habits of Ming society constitute the primary reasons for the use of rich references to the Confucian classics in the Journey to the West. Through examining the original functions of the classics and analyzing the basic concepts of “evidential studies” and “intertextuality,” I argue that this phenomenon may imply the resurgence of the entertainment function of traditional classics. Thirdly, I find that the infiltration of Confucian classics into the vernacular novel resulted in a new literary style that mixes classical and vulgar texts. Works such as the Journey to the West, the Plum in the Golden Vase 金瓶梅, and the Carnal Prayer Mat 肉蒲團 are examples of this new literary style. The appearance of this new literary style in turn characterizes the disordered state of orthodox Confucian texts. In addition to gathering statistics for the references to Confucian classics in the Journey to the West, my research also uses a different method of analysis that provides accurate data and an alternative approach for studying the Journey to the West and other vernacular novels.