墨子「非命」之旨趣及其意義

The Meaning and Evaluation of Mozi’s Anti-Fatalism

非命，是一種對命定論採取的否定態度。命，本身作為一其有歷時與普遍特質的永恆性概念，持續受到不同時代人們的關注，無論中西皆然，蓋因背後所涉不僅為人生觀問題，更包含政治、社會等層面之影響。在先秦，批判命定最力者，無過乎墨翟。本文即針對墨翟非命論做一全面性考察，除尋求該說於墨學中之定位，並試圖藉由先秦歷史、宗教信仰、文化等不同側面，觀察、詮解非命所突顯的理論意義與時代內涵，進而一窺墨家學派罕為人知的流傳與演變狀況。文中將鎖定四個考察主題。首先，論述墨翟所「非」之「命」的內容為何？接著，探討非命在墨翟思想體系其有的地位與價值。復次，駁斥前人探討「非命」三表論證法的謬誤，並揭示非命第二表與司命信仰之關聯。末則略述墨翟秉持非命，卻不免執持有命之矛盾，以見其圓而未融之處。

The theory of Anti-Fatalism is a negative attitude toward fatalism. Fate is a long and accepted concept, which involves not just the philosophy, or the rule for living life, but also the effects of social and political issues. In the pre-Qin period, Mozi墨子 often made judgments about fatalism. This article offers an examination of his attitude toward fatalism and finds the definition of this theory to be rooted in his orientation to life. Furthermore, in this article, I observe and interpret the meanings and influence of this theory, and analyze the little understood development of the Mohist school in later times. This article will focus on four topics. First of all, I will explore the definitional aspects of the term “fate.” Secondly, I will discuss the role and value of Anti-Fatalism in Mozi’s ideology. Next, I will refute the previous argument of the Three Methods and direct my attention to the relation between Anti-Fatalism and the belief in Siming司命. Finally, I will point out Mozi’s recognition of fate and how it conflicts with his own theory.