「文從道出」的書寫實踐－－以朱熹「記」與北宋「記」之書寫內容為討論中心

Writing Practices Based on the Theory That “Literariness Originates from the Way”: A Comparison of Zhu Xi’s Ji and Those from Northern Song

「道」、「文」關係是唐宋古文發展過程中的一項中心命題，朱熹(1130～1200)以「文從道出」的理論內涵，彌縫了北宋道學家在這一命題上的疏失，成為可與古文家分庭抗禮的書寫理論。本文所關注的，即是此一理論，如何於其書寫中具體實踐的問題。而「記」則是宋代古文中，最富文學性的一種文體，北宋古文家莫不於此極力創變，然朱熹不但不避作「記」，其所作數量，甚至遠過歐、蘇、曾、王等古文大家，而幾為宋人之冠。基於「記」的特殊性質，以及朱熹於此一文體上的書寫表現，因此本文即以此入手，分社倉、祠記、學記、亭臺堂閣與齋室記、其他等五個部分，觀察朱熹與北宋主要作品的內容差異，以此初步呈現朱熹「記」的特質，及其實踐「文從道出」此一理論的方式。

The relationships between dao 道 and wen 文 (or the Way and literary form) was one of the key issues during the development history of Tang and Song’s classical prose. Zhu Xi 朱熹 corrected the theoretical flaws of Northern Song’s Confucian moralists with the idea that “literariness originates from the Way.” He thus established a writing theory comparable to those proposed by literary giants of the past. Yet, how is this theory realized in his own writing? This is the main concern of this article. Ji 記 is one of the most popular Song prose genres. Most classical prose writers in Northern Song tried their best to create and invent new writing ideas for ji, making this genre of prose one of the richest of those practiced in the Song dysnasty. However, in terms of quantity, Zhu Xi wrote the most ji in the Song dynasty. This is interesting when the literary inclination of the ji genre is taken into consideration. Discussion is presented based on five categories of ji. Through the comparison of content differences between Zhu Xi’s and those written during Northern Song, this article attempts to define the characteristics of Zhu Xi’s ji and identify how he implemented his theory in practical writing.