唐代時期河南道平民生活研究──以戰爭頻率為核心思考

Study on Henandao People’s Lives in Tang Dynasty： Treating War Frequency as the Core

傳統上在研究戰爭時主要是從戰役本身或是戰爭的影響著手，是屬於戰爭史的範圍，但如果從政治史或是社會史來看戰爭對人民生活有重大的影響當然是無庸置疑的，傳統也以戰爭作為治亂的根據，如唐朝時期的安史之亂就被當戎是唐朝中衰的關鍵。但中國地理環境十分複雜，同樣戰爭進行也有戰略要地的爭奪，因此不是每個地區在戰爭發生時都會受到戰爭直接的影響，如鄉村、山區，或是不是戰略要地的州縣等，因此受到戰爭的影響的程度並不能等量齊觀。而且個人年壽有限，即使是戰爭發生，以人的年壽而言，一輩子遇到的戰爭次數也不會太多，因此，對平民生活而言究竟會受到戰爭多大的影響，應該從地域及戰爭頻率來考量問題，才能了解戰爭對於傳統中國而言究竟有多大的影響。河南道是唐代的精華區也是唐代東都洛陽所在，從地理上來看有當時東都洛陽，也有州縣、鄉村、山區等複雜地形，且華北平原自古為四戰之地，而戰爭發生時尤其是大規模的戰亂都是以爭奪首都為主，理論上應該受到戰爭相當大的影響，但實際情形如何，需透過較細緻的研究才能了解。因此，本研究主要是探討戰爭對於河南道平民生活的影響，從史料中勾勒出唐代在河南道發生的所有戰事及其行進方向，來看河南道地區不同地域不同時間受到戰爭的影響究竟有何不同。

Past researches on wars mostly focus on the battles or the effects of the wars; they are in the scope of war history. However, from the perspectives of political history or social history, significant effects of wars on people’s lives are demonstrated, and traditionally speaking, wars are the bases of governance. For instance, An Shi Rebellion is treated as the key of declination in Tang Dynasty. However, geographic environments in China are complicated and people fight for strategic locations in battles. Therefore, not all regions (e.g., villages, mountains or the counties which are not critical strategic locations) are directly influenced by wars. Effects of wars cannot be treated equally. Moreover, people’s lifespan is limited and they will not encounter too many battles in lives. Thus, the effects of wars on people’s lives should be studied by regions and war frequency in order to recognize the influence of wars on traditional China. Henandao is the downtown and east capital Luoyang in Tang Dynasty. Regarding the geography, at the time, there were east capital Luoyang, counties, villages and mountains. Huabei Plain has been the location for four battles. In large-scale wars, in particular, people fought for the capitals, thus, the effect of wars should be significant. However, the real situation should rely on further exploration. Therefore, this study aims to probe into the effects of wars on Henandao people’s lives and indicates all battles and situations in Henandao in Tang Dynasty according to historical data in order to recognize the influences of battles on different regions in Henandao area at different times.