晚清重要官辦洋務學堂的中算教學──從上海廣方言館到京師同文館

The Teaching of Traditional Chinese Mathematics in the Main Government Schools During the Late-Qing Dynasty: From the Imperial Tongwen College to the Shanghai Guangfang Language School

晚清自強運動興起以來，在第二次西學東漸已經開始，而數學教育日益面臨西學的衝擊，且中算在水平上已根本無法與西算抗衡的情形之下，一些重要官辦洋務學堂在開設西算課程的同時，仍將中算納入數學教學的內容。先前學術界對晚清重要官辦洋務學堂的中算教學，並未給予適當的重視，因此，本文主要根據原始文獻，還原京師同文館和上海廣方言館這兩所學堂的中算教學情況，考察其在晚清數學教育由傳統向現代過渡中所扮演的角色。同時，本文還分析京師同文館、上海廣方言館等學堂進行中算教學活動的原因，進而揭示中算教學與當時社會思想及其他因素間的密切關係。

Many courses of mathematics were offered in a number of main government schools as a result of the“Self-Strengthening Movement”in the late Qing Dynasty. At that time, Western knowledge imported after the Second Opium War had an impact on mathematics education in China. In addition, traditional Chinese mathematics was inferior by comparison with Western mathematics. Although much western mathematical knowledge that was known at that time in China was incorporated into the mathematics courses in schools, traditional Chinese mathematics was included in these courses as well. However, many studies have not given proper weight to the teaching of traditional Chinese mathematics in the main government schools during this period of time. In fact, no detailed study has yet been made of this subject. In this paper, the author will attempt to restore the teaching of traditional Chinese mathematics in the main government schools according to the extant original source material related to the teaching of mathematics in the Imperial Tongwen College 同文館and the Shanghai Guangfang Language School 廣方言館. Efforts have also been made to study what role the teaching played in the transition of Chinese mathematics from“traditional”to“modern.”At the same time, the author will analyze the reasons why traditional Chinese mathematics were taught in the Imperial Tongwen College and the Shanghai Guangfang Language School, and shows the close relationship between the teaching of traditional Chinese mathematics and the social thought and other related factors in the late Qing Dynasty.