方以智的禪學思想

方以智早年以博學能文聞名於世，四十歲時出家為僧以示不降於清，直至六十一歲去世。研究者已注意其三教合一之主張，但未充分討論其禪學上之成就。本文集中討論方以智之禪學思想，包括其出家之心路歷程，對禪宗之理解與批評，弘揚曹洞宗之統合一切知識學問的思維方式，以及會通《易經》與禪宗之意義。禪宗在流傳中往往偏於自心之體認而忽略外物，方以智強調學問之重要性，以曹洞宗旨融通本體與現象；同時借用《易經》之觀念，說明宇宙自然與人生社會之相互關係。方以智的禪學思想兼具理論與實踐，在禪宗史及思想史上都具有重要的價值。

In his early years, Fang Yizhi 方以智 was famous for his erudition and writing skills. He became a monk at the age of forty in order to declare his unwillingness to obey the Ching Dynasty, and finally passed away at the age of sixty-one. Researchers have noted his advocacy for combining Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into one religion, but have not yet fully discussed his achievements in Chan Buddhism. This article aims to discuss Fang Yizhi’s approach to Chan Buddhism. This includes the thinking process that led him to become a monk, his understanding and criticism of the Chan school, the way in which he further developed the Tsaodong school’s 曹洞宗 ideas of integrating of all knowledge, and also his ability to link the Book of Changes and Chan Buddhism. In its transmission, Chan Buddhism frequently tended to emphasize personal inner realization and neglect outside affairs; Fang Yizhi emphasized the importance of knowledge and used the Tsaodong school’s ideas to make sense of being and phenomena. At the same time, he borrowed concepts from the Book of Changes to interpret the relationship between the universe and human life. Fang Yizhi’s approach to Chan Buddhism contained both theoretical and practical ideas which are significant in the history of thought and Chan Buddhism.