運動熱情之探討

Passion in Sport

本文以Vallerand等提出的運動熱情模式，文獻探討的方式瞭解運動熱情相關心理，主要針對運動熱情的決定因素及運動熱情對情意與主觀幸福感的影響進行探討。過去的研究發現，不同的人格特質對於兩種熱情有不同的影響，適應性的人格型態（如自主性人格、適應性完美主義、高自我控制）和調和式熱情有關，而非適應性的人格型態（控制性人格、非適應性完美主義、低自我控制）和強迫式熱情有關。社會環境因素對運動熱情發展的影響方面，自主性支持或控制性社會環境（如父母或教練對於個體的不同對待）將會對個體所感到樂趣或是重視的運動發展成調和式或強迫式的熱情。擁有調和式熱情的個體是以彈性、開放的態度來參與各種活動，同時能夠完全地專注手邊的工作並且在參與活動中體驗到正面的結果（例如正面情意、專注、流暢或滿足等）。相反的，強迫式熱情的個體在不得不的情況下參與喜歡或是享受的運動，而變成缺乏調和生活其他事件的能力，最後可能會經驗到衝突或是負向的情感、認知與行為。未來需要更多研究檢驗影響運動熱情發展的因素以及進一步釐清運動熱情的內涵，並針對運動熱情對情意與主觀幸福感或是相關心理因素的關係作進一步的研究及探討。

Vallerand et al. (2003) proposed the dualistic model of passion in sport, which described the passion toward activity with a new perspective. It also offered us to better understand the related psychological factors about motivation processes. In line with the dualistic model of passion in sport (Vallerand et al., 2003), we discussion the determinants of passion in sport and some influences to affect experience and Subjective well-being. Past research has shown that different personality orientations may lead to different type of passion. For example, adaptive personality orientations (e.g., autonomous personality orientations, adaptive form of perfectionism, higher self-controlled personality) were positive associated with harmonious passion. Conversely, maladaptive personality orientations (e.g., controlled personality orientations, maladaptive form of perfectionism, lower self-controlled personality) were positive associated with obsessive passion. Other determinant of passion in sport is social environment. Such as autonomy-supportive (and less-pressured) environment should facilitate the internalization of enjoyable and valued activity in the person's identity and thus lead to the development of harmonious passion. On contrast, a controlling environment will be conductive to the internalization of the activity in the person's identity and thus lead to the development of obsessive passion. Individuals with a harmonious passion should be able to fully focus on the task at hand and experience positive outcome both during task engagement (e.g., positive affect, concentration, flow, satisfaction etc.). Conversely, individuals with an obsessive passion cannot help but to engage in the passionate activity. They come to display a rigid persistence toward the activity and it may lead the person to experience conflict with other aspects of his/her life. Consequently, they risk experiencing negative felling, cognitive and behavior. Future research needs to exam the factors which can influence the development of passion toward an activity and further to clear the concept of passion in sport. It also need to further exam and discussion the relationship between passion and affect or other related psychological factors.