唐話對應音觀察之一－－岡嶋冠山標注匣母字的變化

Sound Correspondence in Touwa: Okazima Kanzan's Transcriptions of the Initial Xia

岡嶋冠山以日本人的身分擔任長崎唐通事的職務，他在1718與1726年分別編輯《唐話纂要》與《唐譯便覽》、《唐話便用》、《唐音雅俗語類》四本初級唐話教材，這些書每個漢字的右側都用片假名標記讀音。本文以匣母字為例，觀察《唐話纂要》、《唐譯便覽》、《唐話便用》三書的標音，發現前一本書依據杭州音，後兩本書都使用南京音標示。此外從《唐話纂要》匣母入聲字的標示，也發現岡嶋似乎以當時逐漸在長崎流行的北方官話音處理韻尾的問題。

Okazima Kanzan 岡嶋冠山, a Tang Interpreter (唐通事 Tou-tsuuj) in Nagasaki, edited four beginner's level Tanghua (唐話 Touwa) textbooks between 1718 and 1726: ”Tanghua zuan yao” (唐話纂要 Touwa-sanyo); ”Tang yi bian lan” (唐譯便覽 Touyaku-benran); ”Tanghua bian yong” (唐話便用 Touwa-benyo); and ”Tangyin yasu yulei” (唐音雅俗語類 Touon-gazoku-gorui). Each of these books features katakana alongside the characters to aid pronunciation. This study analyzes these sound transcriptions in the first three textbooks, focusing on the xia 匣-initial characters (i .e., characters with a velar stop in the syllable-initial position). The study finds that the xia-initial characters in the first textbook correspond with Hangzhou 杭州dialect while those in the subsequent two textbooks correspond with Nanjing 南京 dialect. In addition, the transcriptions in ”Tanghua zuan yao” reveal that Okazima Kanzan used the Northern Mandarin sound system, which was gradually gaining prevalence in Nagasaki at that time, to deal with the remaining sounds of xia-initial characters.