倭刀與俠士－－明代倭亂衝擊下江南士人的武俠風尚

Knights-Errant and the Japanese Sword: Japanese Pirate Raids and the Consequent Popularity of Wuxia among Jiangnan Elites in the Ming Dynasty

嘉靖以來的倭寇之亂激起士人的緊張感與現實感，如何平息倭亂，抵制倭刀之攻擊，成為朝野共通的話題，在談兵論劍的氛圍中，習武知兵，也成為士人生命的另類出路，構成獨特的生命想像，從而尚武任俠也成為文人的自我表現方式，甚至開發成一種風行的生命情調，以致促成新類型士人－－文武兼修的「俠士」的出現與活躍。本文即聚焦於倭刀問題上，考察其相關知識與技藝的流傳，進而討論倭亂如何激發武俠文化的發展。

The Japanese pirate raids that began in the reign of Ming dynasty emperor Jiajing 嘉靖 stimulated tension and opportunism among the educated elite, and how to keep the pirates at bay became a discussion topic common among both government officials and the general populace. In this belligerent atmosphere, the study of swordsmanship, tactics and war craft became matters of particular interest to the elite, uniquely capturing their imagination. As a result, a reverence for chivalry and dedication to the martial spirit became a new mode of self-expression for the literati, developing into a popular perspective on life and culminating in the emergence of a new style of elite: the xiashi (俠士knight-errant), who was both a man of letters and of the sword. This article focuses on the question of the Japanese sword (wodao倭刀) and the ways in which related knowledge and skill spread, and also discusses how Japanese pirate raids prompted the development of wuxia 武俠culture.