抗戰時期中央控制地方之再思：以蔣中正對楊全宇、吳肇章囤積案的處理為例

A Reassessment of Guomindang Regime’s Control of Regional Authorities during the War of Resistance: Chiang Kai-shek’s Handling of the Hoarding Cases of Yang Quanyu and Wu Zhaozhang

大後方在抗戰時期出現嚴重的糧價高漲，引發財政、軍事、政治、經濟等各方面危機。蔣中正為挽救危局，在1940年8月設立全國糧食管理局，藉此管理民間糧食市場，至1941年改推田賦徵實以掌握糧源，皆是為掌握重要物資，並穩定大後方社會。中央在戰時於地方推動糧食管理，一方面顯示國家機制擴大化，也為中央控制地方模式帶來新的變化。蔣中正推動此政策，必須面對中央內部不同調、地方實力派抵制以及基層豪紳的反彈等問題。過去研究，大多注意到後兩項因素，而忽略第一項，以致對戰時中央控制地方議題，留下許多討論空間。蔣中正推動糧食管理的核心理念為「嚴禁囤積居奇」，而在實踐上需要由中央到地方各環節相互配合，方能發揮作用。本文描繪蔣中正處理楊全宇、吳肇章兩件囤積居奇案件的過程，藉此顯示三種因素在其中交互影響的面向，也顯示國府抗戰時期中央控制地方模式的侷限與不足之處，並以此進一步討論國共雙方的中央控制地方模式有何不同。

The Nationalist government was threatened by a surge in rice prices in interior China during the early 1940s. Chiang Kai-shek tried to control prices to solve this crisis. The National Food Administration was established in 1940 to manage markets and obtain the needed grains, but it did not achieve this goal satisfactorily. Therefore, Chiang decided to collect the land tax in kind and created the Ministry of Food to administer this new policy. The institution of food management in wartime meant that the government tried to build formal institutions, but this led to expansion of the bureaucracy. Using the state apparatus to contain market speculation also contributed to increasing the role of the state in local society. Chiang insisted on strict prohibitions against hoarding and profiteering as well as nationalizing the land tax, which naturally aroused opposition. This article analyzes how Chiang handled the hoarding cases of Yang Quanyu and Wu Zhaozhang and examines the mode of control exercised by the central authority over regional powers during the war, and further compares this to the Chinese Communist Party's controls.