國共內戰期間國軍的指揮權問題：南麻戰役的個案研究

The Command Authority of Nationalist Army during the Civil War: A Case Study of the Nanma Battle, July 1947

1947年7月17日至22日，國共在山東戰場上進行南麻戰役。此役國軍勝利，共軍撤離沂蒙山區根據地，國軍穩住此前在山東戰場多次會戰慘敗的悲觀局面。南麻戰役發生前，原本由顧祝同負責指揮的沂蒙山區作戰行動，在7月9日由蔣介石親自接管。眾所皆知，蔣介石習慣越級指揮，然而，蔣在7月9日之前允許顧祝同擁有指揮官權限，執行戰術行動，相對而言，兵團司令范漢傑權責有限。當時國軍進攻沂水之初，顧祝同甚至未經呈報而下令部隊撤退，受到蔣的責問後，才繼續執行蔣的命令，讓蔣認為顧祝同與其徐州司令部畏懼共軍。此後，顧在沂蒙山區的指揮權被架空，至多只是負責中轉任務。共軍發動南麻戰役，圍攻國軍整十一師。國軍統帥部與范漢傑最初情報判斷錯誤，幸好該師戰力佳，運用有利防禦的地形與工事，單獨抵抗數日，一直支持到統帥部指揮的援軍到達，終告獲勝。救援的黃百韜縱隊，確認共軍圍攻南麻消息，在上司未下達救援令之前，立即以部份兵力先行馳援；面臨險境的整十一師也向蔣介石急電求援。由此可知，蔣直接指揮整十一師與救援部隊。從這一場戰役的下達救援命令與前線部隊求援的經過，可以看到國軍統帥部與前線部隊之間的指揮層級，在戰情緊急時往往成為中介角色。

From 17 to 22 July 1947, the Nationalist and Communist armies fought one another in the Nanma Battle in Shandong. With its victory, the Nationalist army stabilized its position after many defeats. Chiang Kai-shek had taken over command on 9 July. Using his well-known habit of ”leapfrog commanding,” Chiang Kai-shek had until that date maintained the position, with limits, of the previous commander, Gu Zhutong. However, he regarded Gu as pusillanimous and was angered by Gu's order to retreat on one occasion without permission. After the intial Communist attack, the Nationalist corps commander, Fan Hanjie, misjudged the position. However, the 11th Division resisted for several days, until reinforcements ordered by the high command arrived. Chiang directly commanded the 11th Division and the relief troops. The procedure involved in requesting help for frontline troops and giving rescue orders shows how the local command level often took on a merely intermediate role in combat emergencies.