「世俗時代」的公共倫理：文化認同與國家忠誠──以五四時期知識分子的公德觀為中心

Civic Virtue in A Secular Age: Cultural Identity and National Loyalty-A Study on the Public Ethics of Chinese Intellectuals during the May Fourth Period

五四時期是近代中國思想史「轉型時代」的高潮。功利主義與個人主義成為這一時期道德觀的主要內容。然而，因道德權威性的喪失而帶來的道德分歧，也導致了對共和理念的侵蝕。共同體如何形成基於「倫理公共善」之上的集體認同，成為當時知識分子思考的核心問題。身處一個超越價值瓦解的世俗化時代，由於深受傳統儒家道德觀的影響，五四知識分子對於共同體的公共倫理，有著獨特的理解。杜亞泉、梁濟、吳宓等思想家認為，對於多元化的現代社會而言，傳統儒家的綱常倫理不僅具有抽象的繼承性，還維繫著文化共同體獨特的公共認同。章士釗、李大釗等知識分子，雖然公認將民主憲政視為塑造共同體的重心，但在他們看來，國家不僅僅是一個政治共同體，而是一個有著共同倫理的道德共同體。這種公共倫理或是來源於對國家公益的尊重，或是來自個人良知的匯合。如果說，新教改革以來的西方社會，試圖通過分離德性倫理與規範倫理，來應對現代社會價值多元化的挑戰，那麼，五四的知識分子則更注重個人德性與倫理規範的互動。對於德性之「善」與政治「正當」之間的關係，他們有著彼此貫通的思考。可以說，通過對中國思想脈絡的自我理解，五四知識分子的公共倫理形成了獨特的現代性。

Emerging at a key moment in the ”transitional period” in modem Chinese intellectual history, May Fourth intellectuals forged a particular kind of morality centered on utilitarianism and individualism. However, due to the collapse of traditional moral transcendence, divergences in this new morality also eroded the political stability of the Republic of China. How could the Republic create a new collective identity as its ethical foundation? This question became one of the central issues in the May Fourth period. This article focuses on the dialogue between tradition and modernity on public ethics in the May Fourth period. Conservatives such as Du Yaquan, Wu Mi, and Liang Ji confirmed that even in the age of pluralism, Confucian ethics still had value as a legacy of Chinese culture and identity. On the other hand, republicans such as Zhang Shizhao and Li Dazhao felt that the constitution and democracy must form the basis of the Republic、while patriotism could serve as the source of civic virtue. Chinese intellectuals of the May Fourth period thus examined the interactions between morality and ethics, individual and nation, and ”good ”and ”right” in ways distinct from the history of secularization in the West, shaping a unique form of intellectual modernity in China.