運動教練知識的探索—對「經驗知識」結構的揭露

An Inquiry into Athletic Coaches’ Knowledge: Revealing the Structure of Experiential Knowledge

運動教練的知識一直被視為是提升選手運動表現的重要方向。在運動學界中，運動知識的研究取徑大致分為自然科學與人文社會兩種面向。近年來，「運動科學研究」介入運動表現日益增加，造成對自然科學的依賴程度提高，相對也促成對運動教練「經驗」的忽視。但運動是一種實踐與應用的場域，教練經驗的存有應當具有其特定且不可取代的位階。因此，本研究採取胡塞爾（Husserl，1859-1938）現象學方法，深入教練經驗中探尋其知識的本質。在進入自然態度的澄清之前，希望能夠獲取更豐富、多元與隱晦的資料，故先行以教練敘說為主軸，透過教練之說來建構自身故事，期盼在故事中尋找出更多的指涉與現象。研究發現，在教練的自然態度中，教練的知識存有著兩種立場，分別為既定的科學知識結構與在經驗的脈絡中身體圖式的概念。透過現象學還原深入探究其本質，發現科學知識具有控制、一貫、同一、秩序等特色，身體圖式則具有想像、領會、交融與確信等指涉。為了釐清教練經驗知識的存有狀態，透過第二次的本質還原，企圖回到教練知識的形構階段，揭露出教練經驗知識的根源具有整體性、延續性與穩定性的三種特質，並且在運動的實踐場域中流動與幻化著。

Knowledge of athletic coaching has always been regarded as an important approach toward improving athletes’ performances. In the sports and exercise sciences circle， the channels of athletic knowledge research are generally divided into scientific and human social aspects. In recent years， scientific research studies on sports and exercise has put more emphasis on athletic performances， thus enhancing the reliance on scientific results and disvalued trainers’ experiences accordingly. However， sports and exercise are science of practice and application， the existence of trainers’ experiences should be respected and not to be replaced. Therefore， phenomenology established by Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) was applied in this research to go deep into athletic coaches’ experiences and explore their essential knowledge. The results shows that there are generally two sets of knowledge in the natural mindsets of trainers， which are fixed scientific knowledge structure and experiential human body diagram. After restoring， digging and exploring the essence through phenomenology， scientific knowledge is found to have the characteristics of control， consistency， unification， and order， whereas the features of body diagram are imagination， realization， mix and mingle， and conviction. In order to clarify the existing conditions of coaches’ experiential knowledge， a second essence restoring was made attempting to return to the forming stage of coaches’ knowledge. The results show the coaches’ experiential knowledge is integral， long-lasting， and consistent， and works smoothly in the sports fields.