明清所編總集造成的漢魏六朝文本變異——拼接插入的處理手法及其方法論反省

Textual Variation in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties General Collections Edited by Ming and Qing Scholars

分散保存在各種類書、史書及古注中的漢魏六朝文學文獻，經過明清學者的輯佚整理，編纂為大型總集而臻於系統完善。然而在梅鼎祚、張燮、張溥以至嚴可均等學者對先唐文的整理過程中，發展出了一套特定的處理手法，即對於同一作品散見於不同文獻來源的不同局部，進行含有個人主觀判斷的拼接、插入等操作。這本質上是明清學者在與漢魏六朝作者進行「超時空的合作」，結果導致其所編總集中出現了大量「非漢魏六朝」文本，各種假象極易引起誤解，實際上不可作為研究依據。同時，這種後人通過文獻整理而改造前代文學文本的情形，本身也是一個值得引起關注的文化史現象。中世文學並非僅僅為中世的造物，同時也是其後歷代學者處理的結果。有必要通過重新追問中世詩賦文本的生成構造，回溯其複雜的整理成型過程，來發現、糾正漢唐文學研究中隱藏的問題。

The scattered texts of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties literature were preserved in medieval encyclopedias 類書, history books 史書, and ancient commentaries. These texts were gradually collected and compiled into large general anthologies 總集 by Ming and Qing scholars. In the process of collating pre-Tang literature, scholars developed a set of specific techniques, such as splicing together different parts of the same text scattered in several different documentary sources, or inserting one text into another. The resulting texts were thus in essence joint compositions by Ming and Qing scholars and Six Dynasties authors. The anthologies they compiled contain a large number of non-Six Dynasties texts, which can potentially create false impressions and misunderstandings, making them unreliable sources for research. At the same time, the remaking by later scholars of texts of an earlier period through a process of collation is itself a cultural-historical phenomenon worthy of attention. The medieval literature we read today is not only the creation of medieval times, but also the work of scholars down the ages. It is necessary to go back and re-examine the complex process of the collation and formation of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties literary texts to redress the hidden problems of pre-Tang literary research.