性別化敘事裡的祖先與家族：以北臺灣兩個客家菁英家族為例

Ancestor, Family and Gendering/ Engendered Narrations Among Two Elite Hakka Families in Northern Taiwan

本文以民族誌脈絡下的口述資料為核心，描述與討論北臺灣竹塹地區兩個客家家族的成員，如何透過家戶內日常生活的敘事與實踐，展現其身為家族一員的經驗，以及對於祖先與家族的想像。 其中 也包含媳婦與女兒的角色。經由敘事的比較分析，本文指出，二個客家菁英家族對於家族的敘事，並置差異與同質，而在家族內又呈現對祖先與家族之敘事與想像上的性別差異。其一，兩個家族對「家族」想像的差異，是由於他們將「家族」作為一種傳承與教育之交往空間的殊異性。他們對「家族」想像與再現，是透過不同層次的物質文化（祖厝、群居生活、古文物、紀念文集）、行動網絡（祭祀公會、族譜書寫與編撰、祭祀活動）與語言（祖訓、祖先故事）進而交織成一人文空間的媒介。這些不同媒介共同成為家族成員間交往連結或思想傳承的流動場域。其二，兩家族的女性對於祖先與家族想像的敘事內容，大多聚焦在日常生活、人際交流、婆媳互動與小孩教養的實際經驗，這和男性對於家族想像有所差異：男性多從文字資料或概念性的家族故事，述說「我們是什麼樣的家族」，而女性則從日常經驗與記憶裡構築對祖先與家族的想像與觀點。

Through narratives and the daily life of two Hakka families in the Chuchien region of northern Taiwan, this ethnography describes and discusses how two Chen family members imagine their ancestors and families through the generations. In particular, this paper pays attention to the stories of the elder women from the angle of being the daughter(-in-laws) of the two families. Through comparative analysis, we fid that the two Chen families have their own way of considering the “family” as a social space for interaction, communication, cultural inheritance and education. Their ideas and representation of family are displayed through material cultures or materiality (such as old houses, lifestyles of the extended family, antique objects, or memorial eulogies), social groups, events and connections (such as worship associations, genealogical writing and collation, or worship rituals) and language (such as teachings from their ancestors and their stories), which constitute the humanistic and social space and media. This media becomes a fild connecting family members or inheriting the ideals or values of families and ancestors. Second, the narratives of the women from the two Chen Hakka families mostly focus on daily life, interpersonal communication, interaction between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, and education of the children. Differing from the women’s, the men’s narrations on families and ancestors mostly focus on the value of written documents and ideological discourse of family stories. Men like to talk about “what kind of family we are,” but women present their thoughts and ideals on families and ancestors from memories and experiences related to daily life.