以三個中國固有思想增強中國製造業之服務取向

Enhance Servitization in Manufacturing Firms of China with Three Main Chinese Inherent Thoughts

過去十幾年來，由於勞力成本低廉，中國吸引了全球的公司將勞力密集工業移去，而成為全球製造工廠。這些中國工廠以代工方式，將產品以極低的價格賣給國際公司，幾無利潤。於此低利潤下，廠商為節省成本，不惜污染環境，及造成毒奶粉及毒玩具等工安事件，傷害了很多中國及外國人，究其原因，這些代工業者只願引進西方技術，對會增加成本之良好實務規範及倫理卻無考慮引進。為解決此代工低利潤問題，本研究建議一概念性之商業模式，將更多的服務成份加入所製造之產品，以增加利潤，但由於歷史原因，大部份中國人缺乏服務之概念。為克服此困難，本文以台灣過去30年代工之經驗為師，建議了一考慮到環境因素的服務化模式稱為產品服務系統（PSS），其中，環境因素是由逆物流服務來達成。本研究將中國固有思想與產品服務系統整合而成為一完整之產品服務系統，將其融入產品服務系統的五個流程中，作為良好實務規範及倫理，使代工廠的員工於日常工作中，由於此固有思想的融入，而能將服務概念內化於心，故能有效執行產品服務系統，並顧慮到環境因素。本文於結論，對研究限制及未來研究亦作些討論。

In the last decade, many firms in the world have moved their labor-intensive lines to there and make it be the world factory. These original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firms in China sell the manufactured products to MNC (multinational company) firms at ultra low prices to earn extremely low margins. Due to it, environments are polluted and successive industrial scandals have occurred, e.g. toxic milk and toys, which hurts many people in China and foreign countries. Main cause of it is that OEM firms only learn Western technologies but not the cultural aspect of business practice. However, due to different value system, it is difficult to have employees of Chinese OEM firms to accept the Western business practice. To cope such problem, this paper conceptually proposes a new business model called servitization to incorporate more service components into the manufactured products. But, most Chinese are not good at providing services. To solve it, the author thinks of Taiwan's OEM experiences cumulated in the last 30 years, and thus proposes to incorporate the culture contents of the three Chinese Inherent Thoughts into the proposed servitization model. A type of servicetization model that also considers environment factor is called product service system (PSS). The environment factor of PSS model is handled by reverse logistic service. This paper thus proposes to integrate the inherent thoughts with the PSS to form a real holistic PSS model. Inherent thoughts are analyzed to be able to fit the needs of servitization, especially on the service providing aspect. Portions of the inherent thoughts that contribute to each of the five key PSS processes are described. Finally, the approaches to internalize the inherent thoughts into the employees' minds of OEM firms in China are proposed. In the conclusion, future studies and research limitations are discussed.