從美國法初探發明保護和國家安全之互動

Examining The Interaction Between National Security And The Protection Of Invention From The U.S. Legal Perspective

根據立法理由，我國專利法第51 條，是參考美國專利法第181 條而來，具有調和國家安全的要求，和維持發明人創作動機此二目的之功能。但是考慮到美國專利法對於事涉國家安全的發明，事實上係以發明秘密法（InventionSecrecy Act）為其中一保護手段；同時該法係落實到美國專利法第181條到第188條及其他條文中，我國專利法的採納是否足夠，或許有討論必要。再者，從修正理由可知，立法委員對於該法中有關於「保密的通知方式」、「保密期間」、「補償」等議題，曾與提案機關有所討論。雖然最後仍照提案內容通過，但在實際操作上，可否僅從單一條文即解決立法委員之疑問，可能亦是一個可以討論之點。基於上開問題意識，本文將先從我國專利法的修正過程、學者看法及文義，先行整理出可能的問題點。之後再以美國法，一個做為立法時的參考依據，來理解美國法在平衡國家安全和發明人利益時，是採取何種結構，來共同追求二者間的保護。最後本文再從觀察美國法後所得啟發，來說明我國專利法的現行設計是否可以有更好的調整，並討論給予金錢補償和延長保護期間二事，是否均是在「提供發明人保護」時，所必須之方式。

According to legislation history, the Article 51 of the Patent Act is based on the Article 181 of U.S. Patent Act which serves the function of balancing the requirement of national security while providing invention incentives for inventors. However, considering the U.S. Patent Act is based on the Invention Secrecy Act as a method on protecting inventions related to national security and embodied such Act into Article 181 to 188 of U.S. Patent Act, whether the mere adoption of one article can fully served such function enough becoming an interesting issue under our legal system. Furthermore, based on legislative materials we understand that legislators had some discussions regarding issues such as 'the ways to notify', 'the term of secrecy' and 'compensation', and whether one article can answer all of the aforementioned questions in the actual practice it can also be a problem . The article, based on the above questions, will first clarify the possible questions by way of introducing the legislative history, scholarly opinions. Secondly, by introducing the U.S. Patent Act, a template used by our legislators, this article will discuss how the Americans balance national security and personal interests by way of designing a complex legal structure under their Patent Act. Finally, based on the inspirations gained fromU.S. Patent Act, this article will examine whether the current design of our patent act can be better improved while discussing 'providing monetary compensation' and 'extension of patent term' shall be needed in providing protection for inventors.