德國與日本對二戰戰爭責任認知的比較

Comparison of Responsibility Cognition for War Crime in the World War II between Japan and Germany

第二次世界大戰末期，同盟國宣布戰爭犯罪者必須交由國際法庭審理，不得私自處決。是故有「紐倫堡審判」與「東京審判」的出現。然而，這兩場國際審判究竟是勝利者的正義？抑或文明史上的進步？關於德、日兩國的戰爭責任，當時已有人質疑國際軍事法庭的正當性。時至今日，仍眾說紛紜，猶未定案。本文旨在比較德國和日本對二戰期間「戰爭犯罪」的認知，及補償受害者的具體行動，重新檢討德、日兩國官方與民間團體如何看待自身的「戰爭責任」。首先，討論《國際軍事法庭憲章》有何法理上的缺陷，無法作為戰爭法的法律依據，也無法成為國際審判的正當性基礎；其次，從「紐倫堡審判」與「東京審判」爭議之處，討論國際軍事法庭如何界定德國與日本的「戰爭犯罪」；再者，觀察戰後德、日兩國政府有何具體措施，解決國內外的賠償問題，安撫國內外的戰爭受害者；最後分析德、日兩國公私檔案館、歷史著作及媒體輿論的敘述，進而比較德、日兩國官方與民間團體對「戰爭犯罪」的認知差異。

At the end of the World War II, the Alliance announced that war criminals had to be judged by International Tribunal, instead of executed privately, which later led to Nuremberg Trial and Tokyo Trial. Are these two trials the triumph of the victors or the progress in the civilization history? People doubted the legitimacy of the International Military Tribunal on the war crime responsibility of Japan and Germany. Up to now, opinions are still widely divided and unsettled. The purpose of the article aims at the cognition of the two countries on war crime in World War II and the concrete actions of compensation. The article also re-discusses how the governments and private groups in the two countries look at their responsibility for war crime. First, the article starts with discussion on defections of laws of Chapter of the International Military Tribunal that made it unable to be the legal foundation of war laws and fail to have legitimacy foundation of international trial. Secondly, from the disputes of Nuremberg Trial and Tokyo Trial, the article explores how the International Military Tribunal defined the war crime of Japan and Germany. Then, the paper reviews the concrete measures of the two governments to solve compensation problems and pacify the war victims at home and abroad. At last, it analyzes public and private archive halls, historical works, and statements of media of the two countries in order to compare the difference of cognition of the governments and private groups in the two countries on war crime.