從朱昌祚之死看康熙朝初年的圈地問題

Analyzing the problems of Juan-di during the early years of Kanxi Dynasty by the death of Zhu chang-zuo

所謂「圈地」，乃指順治、康熙年間清廷在直隸等處進行數次大規模圈占田土的政治行動。學界對清初的圈地問題，大多從經濟層面來評論其利弊，視為滿族特權的表現，既是滿漢衝突的根源，亦為清初弊政之一。然圈地問題引發的影響，不僅限於社會經濟層面或滿漢民族的衝突。就旗地對八旗生計的重要性而言，圈地問題往往也牽涉到滿洲權貴內部的政治鬥爭，其中尤以康熙五年的「換地事件」最為明顯。本文欲從直隸、山東、河南三省總督朱昌祚等人遭鰲拜冤死的「換地事件」，探討「換地事件」的原委始末，從而瞭解旗地與權力的關係，並從各類檔案、史籍和筆記小說，輯錄有關朱昌祚的史料，試圖重建其生平經歷，希冀能裨補《清史稿》記載闕漏之憾。

Juan-di is the political activity which the government enclose large areas of Zhi-li farm land during the reign of Emperor Shuzhi and Kanxi. Most researches on problems arised from Juan-di focused on the economical pros and cons. Juan-di has been usually been viewed as the expression of Manchu power and the causes of Manchu-Han conflicts. However, the consequences of Juan-di are not limited to social-economical problems and Manchu-Han conflicts. Due to the significance of the lands of the Eight Banners to the people of the Eight Banners, Juan-di is also related to the political strife among Manchu noblemen. The most significant strife is the event of exchange lands during the fifth year of the dynasty of Kanxi. The article starts from 'the incident of exchanging lands' (Zhu chang-zuo, the governor of Zhi-li, Shandong and Henan provinces, was injuriously executed by Aobai). By discussing the whole story of this incident, we can realize the relationship between 'the lands of the Eight Banners' and political authority. It also contains a biography of Zhu chang-zuo, using various source materials, Chingshigao, historical records, notes, novel and historical documents. The power of the 'Eight Banners' is also discussed based on the distribution of lands.