唐代婚姻中的妻妾關係──從法律層面探討

The Relation of marriage between Wife and Concubines in Tang Dynasty: A Center Research on Law

唐代社會風氣開放，蓄妾風氣盛行，增添了唐代夫妻關係的複雜性。本文將梳理《唐律》的條律，以之探討唐代婚姻中的妻妾關係，包括：妻妾關係是如何確定？它背後的思想依據為何？二者關係的特徵？及妻子與妾子的地位反映？藉此探討唐代法律對於妻妾關係的定位、規範與思想依據。最後，本文討論法律落實度的問題，將對照、整理唐代有關妻妾關係的史料和唐律的條律，考察條律落實的情況。經討論可知，唐律中的妻妾關係，呈現二重特點，一重為妾稱妻為女君的上下尊卑關係，另一重為妻視妾為期親卑幼的長幼關係。此二重特點，亦反映在妻妾人身相互侵犯的刑罰及處刑原則上。而妻子與妾子亦各因其母而為貴賤，故貫徹在妻妾人身相互侵犯刑罰標準的不平等，也同樣貫徹在妻子與妾子身上。另外，在立嫡上，也反映了妻、妾與妻子、妾子地位的不平等，在宗祧、財產及爵位繼承上，法律保障嫡長子的優先繼承權。另外，一些唐律中規定違法的情況，如：妻妾易位、以妻為妾、妻妾相侵等，在實際情況中，犯法者似乎並未受到應有的懲罰，而妻、妾的地位，似乎也沒有因為法律的制定而受到保障與確定。

The social conduct was opened in the Tang Dynasty. Hold concubine's atmosphere was prevailed, has added the complexity of the conjugal relation of the Tang Dynasty. This text will discuss the relation of marriage between Wife and Concubines in Tang Dynasty through probe into the legal clauses of the 'Tang ley Su Yi' 唐律疏議, and investigate the situation that the law implements. Through the discussion, we can know the relation of marriage between wife and concubines present two characteristics. First, the concubine treats the wife like treating the lord. Second, the wife treats concubines like treating youngling. These two characteristics reflect in personal penalty rules that wife and concubines infringe each other and their sons infringe each other. In addition, at that time, the persons who violate the laws seem to be punished dully. So we can know, the wife and concubine's status has not been ensured and fixed because of formulation of the law.